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Working Papers | 2000

The One Dimensional Kakutanis Fixed Point Theorem: A Classroom Capsule

Lahiri Somdeb

In problems of fair division of a given bundle of infinitely divisible commodities amongst a finite number of agents, the standard framework pioneered by Thomson [1988] has been one where a choice correspondence associates with each profile of preferences and a given aggregate initial endowment vector, a subset of the set of feasible allocations. The literature on this topic is so vast that the possibility of a single survey doing justice to all aspects of the problem is rather remote. However, a near adequate survey of the relevant literature is the monograph by Thomson [1995]. A feature of the study of such problems which is difficult to miss is that there is a clear dichotomy between the analytical methodology concerning the study of problems of fair division of just one commodity and the analytical techniques involving the study of problems of fair division of more than one commodity. However, within the study of problems concerning the fair division of more than one commodity, there does not appear to be a major difference involving the number of commodities. This observation by and large applies to the theorems, examples and counter examples pertaining to the relevant literature. To an extent, this phenomenon is not very surprising. The major difference that arises between one commodity fair division problems and multi-commodity fair division problems is the presence of the possibility of trading off the consumption of one commodity for another in the latter case and its absence in the former. This possibility, to the extent that it is invoked in the analysis of fair division problems does not depend on the number of commodities involved provided, the number of commodities is atleast two.

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Working Papers | 2000

Macroeconomic Performance and Tax Revenue The Case of Gujarat State

Ravindra H. Dholakia and Dholakia Archana R

It is hypothesised that the tax revenues of a state economy would be sensitive to the macroeconomic performance of the state economy measured in terms of inflation and the growth of real income. The case of Gujarat state over the period 1980-81 to 1997 to 98 is considered for examining this hypothesis. The time trends of the state's tax revenue, GSDP and implicit deflator are estimated and relatively high instability of the growth of income in the state is brought out. Major limitations of the methodology used by the Tenth Finance Commission to estimate the buoyancy of the tax revenues of the states are pointed out and corrected for Gujarat to get a more realistic, acceptable and analytically usable estimate. The Gujarat data seem to support the hypothesis of the same buoyancy of tax collection for inflation and real income growth. Very low tax buoyancy indicated serious problems with the tax administration and tax system in the state.

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Working Papers | 2000

Database Structure for a Class of Multi-Period Mathematical Programming Models

Robert Fourer and Goutam Dutta

We introduce how a generic multi-period optimization based decision support system (DSS) can be used for strategic and operational planning in a company with five fundamental elements, namely Materials, Facilities, Activities, Times and Storage-Areas. This DSS which optimizes the company's activities over multiple-time horizon, having a multi-material, multi-facility, multi-activity system, requires little or no managerial knowledge of optimization techniques. We discuss the issues of interface design, data reporting and updating, production and profit planning. We also compare the performance of two different types of database structures with respect to optimization.

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Working Papers | 2000

Recharging Indian Bureaucracy

Khandwalla P N

Failure of bureaucracy has prompted many efforts at reforming it. But administrative reform has failed in many developing countries, including India, for a variety of reasons. The costs of the bureaucracy's malfunctioning are huge. Any attempt to recharge the Indian bureaucracy would need an examination of its design flaws. The first design flaw is a merit system that does not select for needed administrative capabilities. Second, short uncertain terms of members of the elite services. Third, overloading and centralization. Fourth, a monolithic state. Successful recharging of administration in Britain, Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, New Zealand, etc. indicate that a large part of the state needs to be broken up into semi-autonomous executive agencies. These need to have competitively selected heads on fixed tenures who operate autonomously within the constraints of an MoU with the government. The process adopted in Britain to set up and run executive agencies is described, and example of Passport Agency is given to illustrate how a government body may get transformed after its conversion into an executive agency. The contrasting performance after liberalization of India's central government public enterprises, whose management structure resembles executive agencies, and the states-owned public enterprises with politician chairpersons and IAS managing directors on short, uncertain tenures supports fragmentation of the bulk of the Indian state into executive agencies for revitalizing administration.

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Working Papers | 2000

Uncovered Choice Functions

Lahiri Somdeb

An abiding problem in choice theory has been one of characterizing those choice function which are obtained as a result of some kind of optimization. Specifically, the endeavour has concentrated largely on finding a binary relation (if there be any) whose best elements coincide with observed choices. An adequate survey of this line of research till the mid eighties is available in Moulin [1985]. More recently, the emphasis has focused on binary relations defined on non-empty subsets of a given set, such that the choice function coincides with the best subset corresponding to a feasible set of alternatives. This problem has been provided with a solution in Lahiri (Forthcoming), although the idea of binary relations defined on subsets is a concept which owes its analytical origins to Pattanaik and Xu [1990].

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Working Papers | 2000

Challenges of Indian Organization in the Twenty First Century

Parikh Indira J

This paper was explored and identified organizational realities through a process of discussion and the dialogues with CEO's employees across various levels of hierarchy of the organization. This paper has identified five critical dimensions and characteristics of growth and patterns of Indian organization resulting in two kinds of organizations viz the decaying and the dynamic. The five dimensions are: Organization history, Organization ethos: work and people culture, organizational leaders and their role models, The groups and collectivities of people across levels and Managerial and Organizational issues. The paper then address the issue of the challenges of tomorrow's external and internal environment and their impact on Indian organizations and the responses the Indian Organizations make or can make. The paper attempts to identify some new processes of renewal and regeneration which the organization can initiate for themselves.

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Working Papers | 2000

Impact of Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Volatility on Indian Foreign

Saradhi Raveendra and Ravindra H. Dholakia

The exchange rate Pass-through land exchange rate volatility, are two important issues that determine the effectiveness of the exchange rate depreciation in achieving the desired trade balance. The aggregate analysis of Indian imports and exports with quarterly data from 1980 to 1996 attempted in the present paper has shown that the exchange rate pass through is complete for the import prices before and after 1991 policy reforms. Export prices, on the other hand, exhibited near full pass-though only after 1991. The study also indicated that the export quantities show resistance to the changes in the exchange rate, while the import quantities show resistance to the changes in the exchange rates. The adverse impact of the exchange rate volatility on price realisation has not transmitted to the quantities traded in both the exports as well as imports in India. The study reveals India's lack of bargaining power in the international markets both as a buyer and as a seller. It is argued that the economic reforms have strengthened the market forces by making them more responsive to the price signals. The study also indicates that targeting REER in India may not satisfactorily address the concerns for the trade balance, though it may be useful for export promotion.

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Working Papers | 2000

Estimating the Willingness to pay for Veterinary Services in India: A Methodology Paper

McConnell Kenneth E and Vinod Ahuja

Public provision of agricultural support services has been an important component of agricultural development strategy in India. A number of these services have been delivered to the farmers for free or with substantial subsidies. Over the last decade or so, however, serious doubts have been expressed over the sustainability and desirability of this model. Lack of public funds for sustaining the vast delivery infrastructure as well as poor record of government in managing public programs has refocused attention on ways of making these services more cost effective and for improving the quality of these services. Introduction of some degree of commercialization is one way of improving the service quality (Ahuja and Punjabi, 1999a and 1999b). Cost recovery, it is argued, can build client focus and accountability in the delivery of public services. At the same time, however, serious concerns prevail in India about the distributional consequences of full cost recovery or of private sector participation in the delivery of these services. The debate has centred around farmers' willingness to pay for these services and the possible adverse impact of commercialization on poor farmers. Although these are empirical issues, the empirical studies pertaining to willingness to pay and distributional consequences of commercialization of agricultural services in India are rare.

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Working Papers | 1999

Women in Management - A Movement from Fifties to the Next Millennium

Engineer Mahrukh and Parikh Indira J

This paper provides a panoramic view of Indian Women in Management from the 1950's to the end of the present century. The paper then looks at new opportunities for women mangers in the next millennium. Women in Management are coming of Age. The transformation of the Indian Women form an enigmatic figure clad and covered in metres of fabric to today's educated, capable, successful and accomplished women has not been without great personal sacrifices. These are women who have broken shackles thousands of years old, who have walked a previously untraversed path, who have had the courage to make new beginnings and to pay the price for the choices they have made. The paper discusses 5 phases of evolution of the Indian women's role in management, spanning 5 decades of this century and the transition to the new millennium. The first phase represented tentative beginnings, where women entered the workplace to utilize their education and time, the second where they struggled to break through the invisible barriers of promotions and senior positions, the third phase where the women competed for careers and opportunities in the organization, the fourth phase representing the 1990s, where the organizations and the society saw the evolution of a mature career-person, with professional ambitions and aspirations matching her male-counterpart. The consequent evolution of the environment, both at home and at workplace, witnessed societal changes in terms of an increased acceptance by families and colleagues at workplace of the women's new role. As always change has not been easy but the fact that Indian women now occupy positions and rightful place in the corporate world bears testimony to their fortitude, patience and courage. This paper ends with women's role in the new millennium having traveled a long distance. Women in management now need not be the rebels of the past, but can enjoy lifestyles that do justice to both home and work. flexible corporate structures and norms, enabling technologies and liberalised societal expectations will facilitate women to climb the upper rungs of the corporate ladder without necessarily sacrificing their femininity and or role of motherhood. The paper concludes on the hopeful note that men and women will both create spaces and roles to enjoy multi-dimensional lives which are fulfilling at work and home and which allow for individual choices and for personal and professional growth.

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Working Papers | 1999

Axiomatic Characterization of Some Extensions

Lahiri Somdeb

The general problem we are interested in this paper is of the following variety. We are given a finite universal set and a linear ordering on it. What is the minimal axiomatic characterization of a particular extension of this linear ordering to the set of all non-empty subsets of the given set"

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