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2761 items in total found

Working Papers | 2000

Estimating the Willingness to pay for Veterinary Services in India: A Methodology Paper

McConnell Kenneth E and Vinod Ahuja

Public provision of agricultural support services has been an important component of agricultural development strategy in India. A number of these services have been delivered to the farmers for free or with substantial subsidies. Over the last decade or so, however, serious doubts have been expressed over the sustainability and desirability of this model. Lack of public funds for sustaining the vast delivery infrastructure as well as poor record of government in managing public programs has refocused attention on ways of making these services more cost effective and for improving the quality of these services. Introduction of some degree of commercialization is one way of improving the service quality (Ahuja and Punjabi, 1999a and 1999b). Cost recovery, it is argued, can build client focus and accountability in the delivery of public services. At the same time, however, serious concerns prevail in India about the distributional consequences of full cost recovery or of private sector participation in the delivery of these services. The debate has centred around farmers' willingness to pay for these services and the possible adverse impact of commercialization on poor farmers. Although these are empirical issues, the empirical studies pertaining to willingness to pay and distributional consequences of commercialization of agricultural services in India are rare.

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Working Papers | 1999

Women in Management - A Movement from Fifties to the Next Millennium

Engineer Mahrukh and Parikh Indira J

This paper provides a panoramic view of Indian Women in Management from the 1950's to the end of the present century. The paper then looks at new opportunities for women mangers in the next millennium. Women in Management are coming of Age. The transformation of the Indian Women form an enigmatic figure clad and covered in metres of fabric to today's educated, capable, successful and accomplished women has not been without great personal sacrifices. These are women who have broken shackles thousands of years old, who have walked a previously untraversed path, who have had the courage to make new beginnings and to pay the price for the choices they have made. The paper discusses 5 phases of evolution of the Indian women's role in management, spanning 5 decades of this century and the transition to the new millennium. The first phase represented tentative beginnings, where women entered the workplace to utilize their education and time, the second where they struggled to break through the invisible barriers of promotions and senior positions, the third phase where the women competed for careers and opportunities in the organization, the fourth phase representing the 1990s, where the organizations and the society saw the evolution of a mature career-person, with professional ambitions and aspirations matching her male-counterpart. The consequent evolution of the environment, both at home and at workplace, witnessed societal changes in terms of an increased acceptance by families and colleagues at workplace of the women's new role. As always change has not been easy but the fact that Indian women now occupy positions and rightful place in the corporate world bears testimony to their fortitude, patience and courage. This paper ends with women's role in the new millennium having traveled a long distance. Women in management now need not be the rebels of the past, but can enjoy lifestyles that do justice to both home and work. flexible corporate structures and norms, enabling technologies and liberalised societal expectations will facilitate women to climb the upper rungs of the corporate ladder without necessarily sacrificing their femininity and or role of motherhood. The paper concludes on the hopeful note that men and women will both create spaces and roles to enjoy multi-dimensional lives which are fulfilling at work and home and which allow for individual choices and for personal and professional growth.

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Working Papers | 1999

Axiomatic Characterization of Some Extensions

Lahiri Somdeb

The general problem we are interested in this paper is of the following variety. We are given a finite universal set and a linear ordering on it. What is the minimal axiomatic characterization of a particular extension of this linear ordering to the set of all non-empty subsets of the given set"

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Working Papers | 1999

A New Congruence Axion and Transitive Rational Choice

Lahiri Somdeb

Rationality in choice theory has been an abiding concern of decision theorists. A rationality postulate of considerable significance in the literature is the weak congruence axiom of Richter [1971] and Sen [1971]. It is well known that in discrete choice contexts of the classical type [i.e. all nonempty finite subsets of a given set comprise the set of choice problems], this axiom is equivalent to full rationality. The question is: whether a weakening of the weak congruence axiom would suffice to imply full rationality? This is the question we take up in this paper. We propose a weaker new congruence axiom which along with the Chernoff Axiom implies full rationality. The two axioms are independent. We also study interesting properties of these axioms and their interconnections through examples.

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Working Papers | 1999

Field Trial of Vastrapur Cartons

Srivastava S M and Girja Sharan

We present in this paper the results of road transport trial of newly developed tomato packaging named Vastrapur Carton. Farm fresh tomatoes were taken from Khanderaopura village to Rajkot a distance of 250 km. Two trials were made. In one trial, entire truck was loaded with Vastrapur Carton only. This was done to determine the effect of physical location of cartons in the carrier on damage to produce and to packages. The result revealed that the damage to produce was more on the lower tiers than the upper, more near the axle than away from it, more on the left side (towards the shoulder of the road) than the middle and rightward. In second trial, one-half of truck was loaded with conventional 'Peti' and other half with Vastrapur Carton. Overall damage to produce in 'Peti' was found to be higher (4.6%) than in Vastrapur Cartons (2.8%). This difference is like to increase with increase in transport distance.

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Working Papers | 1999

A Consequence of Chernoff and Outcasting

Lahiri Somdeb

The purpose of this paper is to prove by induction the theorem (in Aizerman and Malishevsi [1981]) that a choice function which satisfies Chernoff's axiom and Outcasting can always by expressed as the union of the solution sets of a finite number of maximization problems. The proof we offer is considerably simpler than the one in Aizerman and Malishevski [1981]. In Moulin [1985], a discussion of a similar result is available. Our framework closely resembles the one of choice theory as enunciated in Moulin [1985]. It is well known that a combination of Chernoff's axiom and Outcasting is equivalent to a property called Path Independence (See Moulin [1985]).

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Working Papers | 1999

Science, Sustainability and Social Purpose: Barriers to Effective Articulation, Dialogue and Utilization of Formal and Informal Science in Public Policy

Anil K. Gupta

A quick look at the leading scientific journals on development brings out one thing clearly: the almost total absence of positive, creative, green voices of innovator and inventors who are solving technological and institutional problems on their own without any outside help. Why is this gap so conspicuous? There could be several reasons: (a) we have become so cynical that we just cannot see any sign of hope, and the more pessimistic we are, the higher is our intellectual reputation; (b) editors put a premium on those contributions that tell us in a laboured way why the world is doomed, why nothing works, why markets, state and civil society are all set to disintegrate; (c) the contributions that describe empirical cases of local achievements are not considered intellectually rigorous enough; (d) the scholars are convinced that unless large-scale revolutions take place, there is no chance for small sporadic islands of achievements by unsung heroes and heroines of our society to make any major dent on the problems of poverty and deprivation; and (e) the conceptual filters and techniques of social analysis (so called participatory techniques included) do not equip a genuine seeker of knowledge to discover grassroots innovators and unaided transformers of social change. Millions of dollars are being spent on training in the so-called rapid method of learning and appraising rural realities and yet the result is often more of the same. In this paper, I will not dwell on what is wrong with the world. There is a lot that is wrong and must be set right soon, for instance, lifestyles of elites in the South as well as the North are totally non-sustainable. What I will discuss in this context would be answers that people have discovered to cope with the ironies of everyday life, and the inadequacies of given technological and institutional frameworks. The paper raises issues in communication in and about science and how the connections between 'little science' and the 'big science' can be made.

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Working Papers | 1999

Fishing in the `Troubled` Waters: Recognizing, Respecting, and Rewarding Local Ecological Knowledge, Innovations and Practices Concerning Aquatic Biological Diversity

Anil K. Gupta

The study of indigenous ecological knowledge has become an important building block of any participatory approach to natural resources management. It is not the outsiders alone who benefit from the study of indigenous ecological knowledge but even the communities themselves may benefit a great deal if they are provided the opportunity to learn from each other as well as from formal science. In this paper, I look at the relationship among knowledge providers and the outside users with specific reference to aquatic biological diversity. Given the asymmetric relationship among the knowledge providers and the users, I draw attention to the efforts made by Honey Bee Network in influencing the ethics and equity of the knowledge exchange among various stake holders. I discuss the concept of sacred waters and other institutions for conserving aquatic biodiversity. Different kinds of material and non-material incentives for individuals and communities are described. Suggestions are made for changing the ethical basis of knowledge and resource exchange among those who conserve resources and those who use them besides other policy and management interventions that can empower local communities and enrich modern science and technology in the context of aquatic biological diversity.

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Working Papers | 1999

Agenda for Change before the Republic of India

Singh J P

Based on the electoral history of past 13 General Elections in the country, the paper argues that while the electorate has been pushing the political parties towards coalitions and grand alliances, the same are unlikely to be stable or effective. It proposes that long with the constitutional reforms for the choice of a leader and longevity and stability of the government, the opportunity should be utilized to resolve other issues that have come to the fore in the Indian democracy. Towards this end, the paper proposes an agenda for change before the Republic of India that includes apart from the various provisions of the constitution, the issues that have rocked the nation and steps needed to meet the future challenge.

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Working Papers | 1999

WTO Agreements and Indian Agriculture: Retrospection and Prospects

Satish Y. Deodhar

By the end of 1999 World Trade Organization (WTO) will complete its five years of existence. At that time, re-negotiation on Agreement on Agriculture (AOA) will also begin. It is time to take a retrospective look at what were the expected gains for India, how was the AOA implemented, and ponder over India's prospects in the up-coming re-negotiations. While the predictions of various macro-models about the gains to Indian agriculture and farmer were not unequivocal, their implicit assumption of perfectly competitive export markets is also questionable. Under imperfectly competitive export market structure, improvement in the terms-of-trade for Indian agriculture may be very limited. Whatever little improvement in terms-of-trade may occur, it may not have a favourable effect as agricultural supply response to changes in terms-of-trade is quite ambiguous. Moreover, the ex-post gains accruing to Indian agriculture so far seem to be very little since developed countries have used various escape routes in the WTO agreements to minimise their reform commitments. India will have to concentrate on non-price factors to improve welfare in the agricultural sector. The prospects of getting additional gains in the up-coming re-negotiations hinge on how India can take maximum advantage of the existing clauses of the AOA, and, to what extent it is successful in amending some of the clauses to its advantage.

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