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2757 items in total found

Working Papers | 1992

Cigarette and Liquor Advertising in India An Exploratory Study

Mukhopadhyay S and Kureshi Sonal

The study examined cigarette and liquor ads in the print media in the context of consumer behaviour and legal/ethical issues. Subjects were drawn from three distinct segments, the vulnerable segment comprising of boys from senior school; habitual consumers, the adult users; and the potential segment, the adult non-users. The first segment was studied to assess the impact of ads on them in order to draw implications for public policy. To understand consumer behaviour, adult users were surveyed to find the initiation process and their reaction to own and competitive brands. Non-users were also examined on their reaction to ads. Laddering was used on both the adult segments to explore linkage of values with consumption. The findings indicate that school boys are exposed to either of the products through various media including shop displays. The impact of print media is realized only because of its proximity to the target audience and being a "choice" medium. Social factors dominate the initiation process for both the products. Values and goals differentiate users form non-users. Imposing restriction on media is unlikely to contain the overpowering influences of social and value related factors. Social education through emotive or rational appeals could be directed at the vulnerable/potential segment to emphasize moderation, rather than total abstinence. Other measures could be restriction of supply, the severest form being prohibition. The consequences could however be equally disastrous.

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Working Papers | 1992

Strategic Perspective on India Population Programme

Satia J K and Saseendran P P

Population growth is back on the national agenda. The earlier target of reaching replacement fertility by year 2000 is not likely to be met. If recent trend in birth-rate decline can be maintained then the annual growth rate may decline from around 2.0% to 1.7% by year 2000 and continue to decline thereafter. This would begin to alleviate population pressure on schooling, food requirements and employment. A faster decline in birth rate would accelerate the alleviation of population pressure. India's failure in moderating population growth stem from very slow improvements in both female education and quality of family welfare programme. An analysis of demographic diversity among states suggests that faster reduction in fertility can only be realized if a comprehensive national strategy is implemented comprising (a) increasing female education level as rapidly as possible; (b) making directional changes in the family welfare (FW) programme which would enable it to provide quality sterilization services to those who do not desire additional children and promote spacing methods more vigorously. The proposed directional changes in the family welfare programme include those needed for shifting emphasis to quality of services, achieving a better balance between sterilization and spacing methods and strengthening the reproductive health care. Instead of a uniform programme pattern, differential strategies would be required to respond to considerable demographic diversity among the states.

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Working Papers | 1992

Venture Capital and Entrepreneurial Development: The Indian Experience

Pandey I M

Venture capital has developed in the Western countries on account of the need to provide non-conventional, risky finance for new ventures based on innovative entrepreneurship. There are not many empirical studies of the impact of venture capital. However, a few studies do exist in context of the developed countries. Because of the paucity of information, there is hardly any comprehensive study of the results of venture capital in developing countries. There is thus a need for systematic review of the venture capital experiences in selected developed and developing countries in order to understand the developmental role of venture capital and the process underlying the success of venture capital. This study is a detailed case analysis of the venture capital experience in India. It is intended to draw lessons and implications for the development of venture capital in developing countries. The study examines: · The strategic role venture capital in the development of technology, innovative entrepreneurship and small enterprises in India; · The development process of venture capital by a systematic analysis of venture capital practices and policies in India; and · The policy initiatives necessary for the success of venture capital in developing countries based on the Indian experience. The study is based on primary information gathered through extensive interviews with a large number of managers of various venture capital companies and published material. The study is divided into five sections. Section 1 provides background of venture capital and a review of its development in some developed and developing countries. Section 2 explains the context of venture capital in India and its role in the technology and entrepreneurial development. Section 3 examines the practices and policies of the venture capital firms in India. Section 4 review the policy initiatives necessary for the growth of the venture capital industry in a developing country like India. Section 5 summarises the findings of the study.

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Working Papers | 1992

Growth of Total Factor Productivity in Indian Agriculture

Dholakia Bakul H and Ravindra H. Dholakia

In the present study the sources of Growth of Indian agriculture have been estimated for three sub-periods during 1950-51 to 1988-89. It also estimates the contribution of adverse weather conditions and intensity of resource use to total factor productivity growth. It is found that TFPG has contributed significantly to the acceleration of agricultural growth facilitating release of scarce resources from agriculture to other sectors in the economy. Thus, TFPG in agriculture has been the prime driving force behind the acceleration of overall growth in the Indian economy achieved during the eighties. The main determinant of TFPG has been found to be the use of modern inputs like fertilizers, HYV seeds and irrigation. It is also argued that the government policies to encourage the use of modern inputs have played a critical role in achieving the acceleration of the agricultural and hence overall growth in the economy. The agricultural input subsidies, particularly fertilizer subsidy, have been the major policy instruments inducing modernisation of Indian agriculture.

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Working Papers | 1992

Opportunity Fairness and Equal Income Lindahl Equilibrium

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we propose a concept of opportunity fairness for economies in which there are public goods and establish its equivalence with the concept of an equal income Lindahl equilibrium.

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Working Papers | 1992

Setting up an Irrigation Cooperative: A Feasibility Study

Kolavalli Shashi, Chhokar J S, Naik Gopal, Saha Jahar, Bhat Ramesh, and Shah Nitin

The objective of the study was to examine the feasibility of setting up an irrigation cooperative in Hadgood village in Kheda district of Gujarat. A sample of 80 households, chosen at rando, was studied and households having no irrigation sources and having irrigation sources were compared on the following aspects: i) landholding and intensity of land use: ii) cropping pattern: iii) costs and returns from different crops with existing water resources: and iv) farm income per household. An attempt was also made to assess the viability of the irrigation cooperative society by considering factors like: i) potential for increasing irrigation: ii) extent of dependence of the households on agricultural income: iii) additional sources of income like dairy and employment: iv) adoption of farm technology, and v) making investments for establishing an irrigation cooperatives. The study has shown that the potential for improving the productivity of agriculture through either: a) irrigating more land or b) increasing cropping intensity or c) changing the cropping pattern or d) adoption of modern farm practices, is rather low. It is therefore, concluded that, keeping the overall situation of the village in view, the setting up of an irrigation cooperative society in Hadgood Village is not feasible.

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Working Papers | 1992

Technology Finance Entrepreneur Linkages

Ramachandran K

Development of entrepreneurship depends not only on the supply of credit, but also on appropriate technology especially in backward areas. There have been several credit facilities offered to small firms, and there have been several studies on the efficacy of such facilities. The role of technology, and its triangular relationship with credit and entrepreneurship is much less discussed let alone researched. This study examines the contribution of national laboratories in fulfilling the technology needs of backward areas and its linkages with credit and entrepreneurship. Field study of small scale enterprises which have bought technologies from the Central Food Technological Research Institute and the Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute in Karnataka and Gujarat were studied which indicated need for significant improvement in the interactions largely of technology developing agencies. Some of the implications for policy are also discussed.

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Working Papers | 1992

Stress and Mental Workload: A Study in an Industrial Organisation

Desai Tripati Pande

The purpose of the study was to i) to identify and determine the differential response profile for three levels in management, on the different measures of stress. ii) to identify and determine the differential response profile for the three levels in management on the different measures of mental workload; and iii) to examine the relation between stress and mental workload in the three levels of management. The sample consisted of managers (level I) supervisors (level II) and assistants (level III) from a large tyre manufacturing company in northern India. Total sample comprised of 150 personnel from this organisation. Stress was measured by Jenkins Activity Survey, and mental workload by a seven point scale. Means and percentiles for stress and mental workload were used to see the differential response profiles. To see the correlation between stress and mental workload an intercorrelation matrix was generated. To find out which of the three factors of mental workload contributed to the four factors of stress a regression analysis was carried out. Manin Conclusions are: i) The higher and middle management have similar levels of stress, followed by lower management. ii) In case of mental workload, trends similar to those stated above (I), were found. iii) The 'Perceived Effort' factor of mental workload was the main contributor for the prediction of stress. iv) Respondents belonging to the technical departments were less stress prone, more alert and more satisfied than the respondents belonging to commercial department.

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Working Papers | 1992

Rupee Convertibility and Exit Policy

Rastogi A B

The successful of partial convertibility of rupee and adequate foreign reserves have boosted confidence of the government. It is more than likely that we are going to see a convertible rupee on trade account before the end of this year. In official quarters it is believed that fiscal imbalance is only stumbling block in the path of a fully convertible rupee. Other important issue which is as important as fiscal imbalance is an exit policy. An exit policy for existing enterprises or just only for new enterprises is essential to keep a stable exchange rate. Otherwise, we are going to see a sliding rupee against trade weighted basket of currencies as we had in eighties.

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Working Papers | 1992

Indian Economy in 1990s

Rastogi A B

There is silver lining in the dark clouds at the horizon for the Indian economy. In the short term India has to sacrifice little growth in the fiscal year 1991-92 and in all likelihood it would not be very good in 1992-93. In the short run, the external economic environment is not favourable especially prospects of foreign trade in immediate future is not favourable due to slow down of the world economy. The budget success depends on restraining the inflationary pressure, boosting exports and raising productivity. India needs a bit of luck. A couple of goods monsoons and low international price of oil and co-operation form the organised labour will be very helpful. If India uses next tow years constructively there is no doubt that Indian economy would deliver a vibrant and an exuberant nation which would surprise the world-and itself.

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