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2761 items in total found

Working Papers | 1987

A Differential Game in Advertising

Lahiri Somdeb

A general dynamic oligopolistic price-advertising model is formulated and open-loop nash solutions are derived. A detailed discussion of long run equilibrium solutions is given. Conditions for global stability are discussed.

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Working Papers | 1987

Social Movements: An Organization Theory Perspective

Chakrabarti Indranil

The paper first reviews the available literature on social movements (SM). Following emerge: (1) Classical literautre on SMs have missed out or tended to ignore the organizational aspects of SMs (Section I) (2) The more contemporary literature on SMs do have organizational focus; however, their theorization is based on an inadequate understanding of SMs and its relationships with the relevant organization. Further, they do not justify why and how the collectives in question qualify to be deemed as organizations (Section II) Section III attempts to rectify the above lacunas, and in the process provide a theoretical framework for SMs with due (and very important) place for organization theory. It puts forth the concept of social movement Kernel (SMK), the core of any SM, that guides and leads a SM. Section IV seeks to establish that the SMK is indeed an organization, by comparing SMKs with various definitions of organizations, borrowed from the standard works in organization theory. This opens a wide gamut of possible theorization on SMK, and hence also on SM, because of the close relationship between the two. A preliminary attempt towards this is made in Section V, where ten propositions are put forth, mainly relating SMKs to SMs. The last Section (VI) seeks to briefly highlight the likely usefulness of the study.

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Working Papers | 1987

Industrial Conflict: Trends and Determinants

Verma Pramod

The objective of this study is to assess the growth of industrial conflict during the phases of economic development from 1921 to 1984 and to identify the economic and institutional factors which could have influenced conflict over this period. Three indicators of conflict, viz., industrial disputes, workers involved, and mandays lost, have been considered. Both trends and cycles have been identified. These differ for three sub-periods, 1921-38; 1939-60; and, 1961 to 1978. There are also differences for the three indicators. Nevertheless data indicate similar increase in conflict, with cyclical changes. The determinants of conflict also differed from one sub-period to another. In the first period, rising prices, and political events and trade union history were the leading factors. The second period was marked by the increasing influence of wages and consumer price index. For the third period, wages, inter-union rivalry, and political events explained the growth in conflict. The need for further research in economic and social history is indicated by the study.

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Working Papers | 1987

Causality Between Money and Price Level in India Revisited

Sharma Ram Lal

In this study we have used Granger's test of causality as interpreted by Sims and found out that causality is semi directional from money to price level. This conclusion is independent of the type of definition of money used and is valid whether we choose time period characterized by fixed exchange rate regime or flexible exchange rte regime.

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Working Papers | 1987

Banking in Backward Regions: Banks-NGO-POOR Interface - Alternatives for Action

Anil K. Gupta

The problem of improving access of poor to formal banking system in risky ecological regions has acquired added importance in recent times. The ecological imbalances, reduced opportunities for productive investments, fluctuations in outputs, lack of technological break through, seasonal as well as permanent migration, poor infrastructure, multi-enterprise based household survival strategies etc. pose tremendous challenge to designers of accessible organizations. We have taken into account the spatial, seasonal, sectoral dimensions of social stratification while conceptualising the problems of access of poor to natural resources, assurance from the institution and abilities or the skills of the poor to convert access into investments. The socio-ecological paradigm so developed has been used to abstract lessons from six cases of Bank-NGO-Poor interface. While we do not believe that the challenge of developing poor in backward regions can be left primarily on the shoulders of NGOs, we do recognise the need for learning from innovative approaches. The experience of six cases studied by colleagues at IIM and GIAP has been synthesized in this paper. Several policy options identified earlier have been validated while need for some more has also become apparent. It is hoped that NABARD will be able to use insights emerging from this ongoing group research effort to make banking in backward region more accessible to poor.

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Working Papers | 1987

Economic Order Quantity When Ordering Costs are Lot Size Dependent

Gupta Omprakash K

Classical EOQ model assumes that the ordering cost A is constant and independent of lot size. This paper deals with the case when A depends on the lot size and increases at a decreasing rate. Firstly A is assumed to increase in steps as a function of lot size . In both cases models are analyzed and procedures are given for determining the optimal lot size.

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Working Papers | 1987

An Improved Procedure for Economic Order Quantity with all Unit Price Discounts

Gupta Omprakash K

Suppliers often offer price discounts for large purchases. These discounts are generally of two types: all unit discounts and incremental discounts. This paper presents an improved procedure for determining the economic order quantity under all unit discounting scheme. Upper bounds on the total relevant costs are obtained which are used to discard certain high-price ranges form consideration.

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Working Papers | 1987

Quantity Discount Pricing Model: An Exact Formulation and Analysis

Srinivasan G and V. Venkata Rao

In this paper we formulate and analyze the quantity discount pricing problem without the approximation that was earlier used by Monahan (3) and Lee and Rosenblatt (2). Our exact analysis throws light on some important conceptual implications of the above approximation. The exact formulation also enables us to discuss the discounting problem separately from the view-points of seller, buyer and the total system. Specifically, we show that the optimal policy from the buyer's view-point should be the same as that from the system view-point; and that the optimal policies of the buyer and the seller need not be the same. In addition, we present procedures for computing the optimal policies for the above three cases.

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Working Papers | 1987

Organizational Behaviour Research in India: A Review

Khandwalla P N

The paper defines Organizational Behaviour (OB) and indicates its relevance to management. It briefly describes some global trends in OB. Next, it discusses trends in OB research in India vis-a-vis quantity of OB research, the OB product-mix, shift from academic to socially relevant research, diversity in the use of research methods, and the emergence of Indian OB models. The paper next indicates cumulation in the areas of work motivation, conflict and conflict management, and the management of organizational dynamics. Finally, after noting the achievements of OB research in India the paper identifies several gaps and suggests several directions future OB research should take. In particular, it pleads for a sharper social focus, involving studies of the organizational consequences of major Indian realities and greater priority to the study of strategic organizations and individuals. It suggests greater effort at relating macro-OB variables to micro-OB variables, at relating macro-OB variables with one another, and the examination of a number of under-investigated micro-OB variables. It pleads for much greater use of natural experiments based research, and concludes by listing the sorts of help practitioners want from OB academics.

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Working Papers | 1987

A Study of Attitudes Towards Women Officers in Banks

Deepti Bhatnagar

An increasing number of Indian women are joining managerial ranks, yet very few studies have been carried out to empirically assess people's attitudes towards women managers. This paper reports results of a study of attitudes towards women managers in banks. Data were collected from 65 female and 136 male employees working at clerical, junior, middle and senior middle management levels in banks. Results reveal a widespread lukewarm attitude towards women managers. Though women hold a much more favourable attitude than men, yet even female responses are not unequivocally positive. Implications of such attitudes for work performance and career progression of women managers are discussed.

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