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2761 items in total found

Working Papers | 1986

National Cost of television in India in 2000 A.D. : Socio-Economic and Political Implications and Issues

Srivastava Uma Kant

The rapid expansion of TV coverage has opened up possibilities of this medium to be used as a developmental communication tool. The analysis in this paper has indicated that only 12 per cent of the population residing in the areas with the reach of the TV signals can only watch the TV at present. The simulation exercise reported in this paper indicates that unless some major policy interventions are made, only 40 per cent of people would have access to TV programmes even in the year 2000 A.D. The profile of these viewers indicates that bulk of these viewers would be from the urban area and top three brackets of consumption expenditure in rural area. The paper has discussed some of the socio-economic and political implications of this profile of viewership. This calls for a multi-pronged policy thrust in remedying the situation of skewed access to TV in India, widening the knowledge gap between 'haves' and 'have-nots'. This paper has suggested three such areas policy of interventions. The implementation of suggested interventions would also have implication for production planning, fiscal measures and support of village panchayats and local bodies and school systems. These aspects need to be taken into account in communication planning for the year 2000 A.D.

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Working Papers | 1986

Contingency Theory: A Third World View

Khandwalla P N

Contingency theory is viewed as an outcome of social transition. The evolution and development of contingency organization theory in the West and in India is reviewed. Its extensions, implications, and limitations are noted, and an assessment of its usefulness to the author as researcher and consultant is made.

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Working Papers | 1986

Cultural, Developmental, and Task Differences in Prediction of Performace: An Information Integration Analysis

Srivastava Prabha and Singh Ramadhar

Past research showed that Indian children average information about motivation and ability in prediction of performance. However, a multiplying-type rule develops from an adding-type rule in American children. The present research tested the hypothesis that integration rule depends upon age and culture of children and nature of task. Consistent with the hypothesis, Experiment 1 (n = 96) obtained evidence for no difference between children of fourth and eighth grades in prediction of performance in puzzle contest but for development of an adding-type rule from a multiplying-type rule in prediction of performance in singing contest. As the latter finding was surprising, Experiment 2 (n = 144) studied kindergarten through eleventh grade children. Results indicated that a multiplying-type rule evolves out of an adding-type rule but gets replaced by the adding-type rule during sixth and seventh grades. Of the three interpretations, namely, changes in weight of information, changes in integration rule, and changes in response reproduction processes, of the age differences, the first one seemed to be the most parsimonious.

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Working Papers | 1986

OB for Social Development: A Position Paper

Khandwalla P N

The thesis of the paper is that OB can contribute richly to socio-economic development of poor Third World societies. It can do so through research on OB-related problems of the strategic organizations of these societies and on the strategic individuals and groups in these organizations. The concept of the strategic organization, individual, and team is expounded. Interesting OB research questions pertaining to strategic organizations are delineated in the areas of motivation and control, coordination and collaboration, boundary management, management of growth, institution building, innovation and change, and sickness and revitalization.

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Working Papers | 1986

The Definition and Measurement of Family Involvement

Misra Sasi B, Ghose Ratna, and Kanungo R N

This paper reports on the development of a new and standardized measure of family involvement. The family involvement construct is operationalized on the basis of the motivational formulation of involvement and alienation (Kanungo, 1979) and studied in a binational setting. Data collected and analyzed from heterogeneous samples of 269 Indian and 168 Canadian employees reveal that the eight-item family involvement scale has satisfactory psychometric properties. The scale passes the tests of internal consistency, unidimensionality, and construct validity in samples from both the countries. The utility of the scale for research and professional work are discussed.

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Working Papers | 1986

The Bases of Involvement in Work and Family Contexts

Kanungo R N and Misra Sasi B

The paper reports on a bi-national study of involvement in work and family contexts. Using heterogeneous samples of managerial personnel in India and Canada, the study explored the differential need patterns aroused in work and family contexts, the nature of relationship between work and family contexts, and the relationship between perceived need satisfaction potential of the context and involvement in that context. Results reveal that in the work context, growth needs are perceived to be most important, affiliative needs next, and subsistence needs least important. In the family context on the contrary, affiliative needs are perceived to be most important, subsistence needs next, and growth needs least important. With respect to involvement, the relationship between work and family contexts was found to be weak. This relationship was found to be influenced by the need satisfaction potential of respective contexts. The cross-national generalizability and usefulness of several sociological and psychological approaches for research on involvement in multilife-spheres are discussed.

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Working Papers | 1986

Life Performance = Motivation x Ability x Opportunity: Individual Differences in Predictive Models

Singh Ramadhar

Previous research showed that prediction of life performance from information about motivation and ability follows the multiplying rule. The present experiment added a third supposedly multiplying factor, external opportunity, and tested the plausibility of the three-factor multiplying model. There was no evidence for the hypothesized model in either group or individual subject level analysis. Subjects (n = 72) employed as many as 11 different models. These models indicated that the opportunity information multiplied one of the two internal factors, either motivation or ability. Moreover, when it played an additive role, the relationship between motivation and ability was generally additive. Two rival hypotheses, differences in social theories about how the three factors determine life performance and differences in information valuation due to presence of separate initial opinions of motivation, ability, and opportunity in the subjects, were suggested to account for the individual differences in predictive models.

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Working Papers | 1986

Emergence of Pioneering - Innovative Entrepreneurship: A Psychological Model

Manimala Mathew

A review of literature on entrepreneurship reveals that most researchers adopt a uni-dimensional approach to explain the phenomenon. This approach, however, has failed to offer consistent explanation of the phenomenon, especially of pioneering-innovative (PI) entrepreneurship. This paper attempts to build a psychological model for the emergence of PI entrepreneurship so as to fill the existing theory-gap. It is a multi-dimensional model based on the following variables : (1) desire for autonomy, (2) optimism, (3) PI motive, (4) creative ability, (5) availability/adequacy of resources and opportunities, (6) achievement motive and (7) managerial skills. The sensitivity of these variables within the model is demonstrated and propositions are made about the critical variables required for the start-up and successful management of different types of ventures, namely, PI ventures, import-substitution ventures, imitative ventures and 'self-employment' ventures.

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Working Papers | 1986

Prediction of Exam Performance by Children: Evidence for Utilization of Four Pieces of Information

Srivastava Prabha and Singh Ramadhar

Kindergarten through fourth grade children (n = 120) predicted exam performance of stimulus students from information about their current motivation and ability. Each kind of information came from two independent sources and so children had to integrate four opinions. Contrary to the previous finding that kindergarten through second graders lack capacity to utilize three or four pieces of information, all children of the present research did remarkably well in integrating opinion of four sources. Non-significant main effects in individual child analyses of the past research appeared to be attributable to memory constraints in stimulus presentation, low motivation of subjects, insensitivity of statistical tests, and/or irrelevance of information for judgment and not necessarily to integrational incapability in children. Results also showed that children in India average information about motivation and ability in prediction of exam performance in much the same way as do adults.

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Working Papers | 1986

Trysem System

Girja Sharan and Agrawal B D

TRYSEM program is viewed as system with definite goal and an environmental of its own. The content of monitored information is analysed. It is suggested that the diagnostic value of the monitored data is low. The concurrent corrective actions can be formulated better if the format of monitored data is expanded to include additional items, which have been identified.

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