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2757 items in total found

Working Papers | 1986

Wage Share in Indian Manufacturing Industries: 1961 to 1978-79

Verma Pramod

The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that the share of wages in net value added will tend to decline in the early stages of industrial development. The data are drawn from the Annual survey of industries. An attempt has been made to examine the trend in share of wages in value added over the period 1961 to 1978-79. The likely impact of capital intensity and ratio of salaried staff to total employees on the wage share has also been assessed. Based on inter-industry data, the cross section studies have been carried out for three different period, viz., 1961, 1971 and 1978-79. It is concluded that the declining trend in wage share could be explained by the increasing trends in capital intensity and the ratio of salaried staff to total employees.

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Working Papers | 1986

Market Channels and Growth of Fertilizer Use in Rainfed Agriculture: Conceptual Considerations and Experience in India

Desai G M

Empirical research on fertilizer us in developing countries is replete with evidence on deficiencies in fertilizer supply and marketing systems. But this evidence is usually bypassed in research that aims at identifying factors behind growth in fertilizer consumption. This haitus in our understanding of forces behind growth in fertilizer consumption is mainly due to considering such growth as being driven by growth in farmers' demand for fertilizers. Factors behind fertilizer demand are usually identified by estimating some variant of a function relationship between fertilizer consumption and such explanatory variables as prices of crops and fertilizer, level of irrigation, and nature of cropping pattern and crop varieties. This paper argues that identifying forces behind growth in fertilizer consumption by focusing only on changes in agro-economic variables behind farmers' demand for fertilizers is not only a partial but also a quite inappropriate approach. The first section of this paper elaborates this argument with the help of a heuristic conceptualization which encompasses all essential elements involved in governing growth of fertilizer consumption. Section 2 discusses India's experience of growth in fertilizer consumption, keeping in mind this conceptualization. In the third section, lessons emerging from past experience are presented to accelerate growth of fertilizer consumption under rainfed conditions.

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Working Papers | 1985

On Estimating Women Contribution to National Product

Ravindra H. Dholakia

In order to measure the extent of economic independence of women in the third world countries, the use of indicators like Female Workforce Participation Rate (FWPR) or the relative contributions of males and females based on traditional methods of wage differentials is not very satisfactory. Some of the conceptual and practical difficulties associated with FWPR can be overcome only when it is used along with a measure of the productivity of female workers. Since the use of the Richardian wage differentials method in this particular case involves highly objectionable premises, the present paper attempts to estimate the contribution of women workers to the national product on the basis of alternative frameworks. Two different models for the purpose have been presented in the paper. An illustrative application of these models on the basis of cross-sectional (regional) date on the Indian economy is carried out and plausible range of results regarding the share of women workers in the national product in India in the censal years 1961, 1971 and 1981 are presents. It appears that the relative share of female workers has appreciably increased during 1971 to 1981 after experiencing a sharp decline during 1961 to 1971.

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Working Papers | 1985

Industrial Growth Strategy: Implications for Sponge Iron

Seshadri D V R, P. R. Shukla, and Tripathy Arabinda

This paper presents a general framework for industrial growth strategy from the view point of central industrial planner. The framework allows for a planning horizon and several periods and the growth strategy can be divided periodically the framework can be meddled by mixed integer programming formulation. An application of the framework to the Indian Spores Iron industry is made and the implications for the Sponge Iron industry are suggested.

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Working Papers | 1985

Research Methods for Human Resources Management

Verma Pramod and Sivakumar A B

The objective of this paper is to highlight research methods which are relevant to the understanding of personnel decision making. These methods have been briefly discussed and illustrated by specific studies published in journals/documents. It is suggested that personnel research at the organizational level will facilitate decision making in utilizing and developing human resources.

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Working Papers | 1985

Talent and the Pioneering-Innovating Motive

Khandwalla P N

The paper argues that the wish to pioneer and innovate is essential if talented persons are to give their best to society. The paper reports the relationships between the pioneering-innovating and five other motives, namely, growth, effectiveness, conscientiousness, status, and safety, for a sample of 750 Indian professionals, and relationships between these motives and environmental characteristic, long term career choices, fluency, blockage, initiative, etc., for smaller samples of professionals. The paper also presents some intriguing data on the differences in correlations between the six motives under conditions of high and low conflict among motives. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for the nurturance of talent.

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Working Papers | 1985

Innovation in Elementary Education in India

Agrawal B B, Maru Rushikesh, and Subramanian Ashok K

This paper reviews major innovations in primary education in India. The innovations are organized from most simple to the most complex. At the end, the authors have attempted to summarize lesson from the experiences of various innovative projects.

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Working Papers | 1985

Investment Opportunities and Gordons Stock Valuation Model-A Note

Ragunathan V and Srinivasan G

The traditional stock valuation model incorporating growth opportunities, fails to recognise the investment opportunities constraint. As a result the conventional model fails to provide an optimum reinvestment ratio and instead provides merely a limit for the same. This note recognises the opportunities constraint explicitly and in the process provides an expression for optimal reinvestment ratio.

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Working Papers | 1985

Support Systems for Agricultural Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

Desai G M

Poor agricultural growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is sometimes attributed to the absence of major technological breakthrough. It must be recognized that there is enough scope to raise agricultural production under the prevailing technological environment by removing many deficiencies in the agricultural output marketing and input supply systems. The importance of this strategy cannot be overemphasized as it will improve the agricultural performance in the short-run and facilitate the spread of new technologies when they become available. This brief paper is based on the experiences of Asian countries in tackling the deficiencies in support systems for agricultural development. The three major arguments are as follows. First, an objective assessment of the slack in the existing production system may be crucially important in generating meaningful policy responses. Second, it seems useful to distinguish between marketing systems for food vis-à-vis commercial crops like cotton, tobacco, coffee and cocoa. Although deficiencies in all these systems may be similar, their origins and solutions could be quite different. Third, the questions of how to remove various deficiencies in policies seems much larger and far more complex than just of government's direct involvement in these systems and "faulty" price policies.

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Working Papers | 1985

People Participation in Irrigation Projects: Changing Patterns of Himachal Pradesh in India

Shingi P M

The concept of peoples' participation in national economic development has gained renewed significance in recent years. This paper, using a case method of analysis, studies the charging patterns of peoples' participation in irrigation projects of the Himalayan ranges in India and identifies factors which provide or retard participatory behaviour. Three case studies include (1) a century-old community irrigation system showing signs of impending breakdown; (2) a locally managed irrigation system which was handed over to the government for its maintenance and operation; and (3) an irrigation system sponsored by the government to encourage collective ownership and local participation. Through limited in scope, these case studies indicate that medium or long term participation depends on (a) the degree of dependence on the gains from the activity in which participation is required; (b) the degree of dependence on the group effort to achieve those gains; (c) the degree of certainty that the gains would be achieved; (d) the degree of certainty that the common sources would be managed properly; (e) the degree of certainty that the gains would be distributed equitably; (f) the degree of perceived or likely presence of the exploitative element; and (g) the degree of certainty that return would be commensurate with risk and investment, i.e. the opportunity cost of time and efforts.

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