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2757 items in total found

Working Papers | 1982

Spurs and Props of Agricultural Research - Economic and Social under Plumings - A Case Study of Rice Research in India

Desai D K

The paper deals with the problem of agricultural research management, particularly with reference to rice research in India. The growth of rice production has lagged behind wheat production mainly because the rice research has not been as effective as wheat research. One of the reasons for this phenomenon is that the rice research has to be much more location specific than wheat research. As rice is produced in a variety of agro-climatic conditions, much more adaptive research is required. The socio-economic factors seem to govern rice production to a greater extent than wheat production. The classification of districts in India according to the levels of rice production revealed that about 25% of the total number of rice-growing districts (338) had 64% of the total area under rice and 67% of the total rice production in the country. These districts were designated as A-districts. The yield per hectare of rice in A-districts was higher than other districts. The classification of districts according to productivity showed that there were 10 districts having yield per hectare more than 2.5 tonnes of rice. Out of these 10 districts only one district belongs to traditional rice-growing states whereas other 9 districrts belong to n n-traditional rice growing states. This shows that there are special problems which hamper the productivity in the traditional rice growing states. The study has located high-growth-rate high-productivity and low-productivity low-growth-rate A-district in traditional rice-growing states. It is proposed that a study should be undertaken to find out the factors which have contributed to the differences in productivities of these two groups. Having identified these factors it should be possible to improve the rice research and other developmental programmes for increasing productivity of rice. The case study of rice would also help identify policy problems for agricultural research management and agricultural development management.

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Working Papers | 1982

Famine and Famine Relief - Coping Strategy at the District Level

Vyas Vijay Shankar and Khanna Inderjit

Drought induced famine is a recurrent feature in Rajasthan. The district (Udaipur in this case) is the critical unit for planning and implementing relief measures to tackle the crisis of famine. This paper such to examine the coping strategies in Udaipur district of Rajasthan in the context of such famines. Our finding is in terms of the immediate crisis, the response by the district administration is effective now. The classical spectra of famine is urbinally non-existent. However, famines require long term developmental efforts which have, no doubt, been initiated but have had little impact in terms of reducing the incidence of future famines. We feel that while famine relief works do provide means for employment at a time when the normal source of employment i.e. agricultural operations, dues out and thus, avert the major calamities, these are now emerging as a substitute for local level development.

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Working Papers | 1982

Pesticides Industry: An Analysis of Imposts, Production and Consumption

Patel Gunvant A, Srivastava Uma Kant, and Pichholiya K R

The statistical analysis of import of pesticides in terms of quantity revealed a slow growth rate. However, the growth rates of their value were high due to increased per unit cost of the imported quantity. The imported insecticides had higher growth rates than total pesticides imported, suggesting the need of disaggregated studies. In contrast to imports, the rate of increase in production of pesticides in the country has been much higher, and its value has been growing even faster. When the analysis of growth rates is extended to quality, the picture which emerges needs a close scrutiny. The quality of insecticides imported (as judged from the area protectable) indicated increased rate of imports of low potency chemicals. However, in respect of insecticides produced in the country the rate of growth of area protectable was higher than the rate of growth in tonnage terms. As in case of imports and production, the growth rates of value of total pesticides was higher than growth rates of quality available. The growth rates of pesticides used for agriculture were higher than the total, suggesting the need of separate analysis for the two sectors, agriculture and public health. The study also revealed that the rate of increase in availability of insecticides was higher than total pesticides, indicating the need for disaggregated studies of insecticides and fungicides which have been shown to have widely different growth rates. As in case of insecticides produced in the country the growth rate of area protectable by all the insecticides have been higher than their increases in tonnage. The study thus has pointed out the need of disaggregated studies of pesticides, which is a conglomerate group of chemicals with widely different production processes and uses.

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Working Papers | 1982

Introduction of Community Biogas Plant in a Gujarat Village: A Case Study of Technological and Organisational Interventions

Moulik T K

One of the Govt. programme to tackle energy problem in rural areas, particularly for the poorer sections is the establishment of Community Biogas Plant. The present case study deals with techno-economic and managerial problems in implementing the community Biogas plants in rural areas. It brings crucial issues relating financial-economic viability of the project, administrative, managerial problems and overall policy parameters.

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Working Papers | 1982

Models of Role Identity in Indian Women Barriers to Growth

Parikh Indira J

The paper is based on the ten years of experience of the author and her colleague professor Pulin K. Garg with women students, career women, professionals and housewives. The paper explores the dynamics of 'being' and 'becoming' of Indian women. The women experienced their 'being' mortgaged to the traditional culture and prescriptive roles and their 'becoming' to the emerging modern aspirations. Each step the women take to come to terms confronts her with a choice-the choice of branching out on her own or to postpone her dreams and aspirations for the role security of home and husband, the choice of enduring and persistant involvement in her career, life and meaning or to engage in transiant activities to save herself from boredom and spathy. Women who are attempting to create space for themselves and redefinition of their roles are confronted with fears of social stigma, isolation and loneliness. Their search for personhood gets them caught in the pulls and pushes of fragmented and narrow roles and the vicious grasp of the neurotic role processes of the Indian social system. It sucks them deeper in resolving inter personal relationship in their social and work setting. The role models both social and spiritual which are available provide only partial anchors. These models are either confronting, reacting or side stepping the system without modifying it. These role models only attempt to transcend the social system but fail to generate new processes of role change within the social system. It seems that the only alternative available to Indian women is to discover their psychological resources to trust themselves to create a path, and like heroes tread the path which has not been travelled before Women in search for existential meaning for themselves can only learn to make choices and not compromises and pay the price of the choices without blaming or bitterness.

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Working Papers | 1982

Simpsons Reversal Paradox and Cost Allocation

Sunder Shyam

Allocation of indirect costs among products sometimes yields a paradoxical result that unit cost for each product may increase under one method of allocation and may decrease for each product under another method. The Stalcup Paper Company case illustrate such behaviour of costs at the same, time, provides an accounting example of Simpon's Reversal Paradox Simpson (1951), which Blyth (1972) discussed in the statistics literature. As with other paradoxes, this cost allocation paradox disappears upon closer scrutiny. This paper examines the properties of allocated costs in order to arrive at an intuitive understanding of the results. The relationship of the cost allocation problem to Simpson's Paradox and the implications of the analysis for cost control are briefly discussed. Necessary and sufficient condition for occurrence of the Paradox is also given.

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Working Papers | 1982

Organisational Behaviour Research on Public Enterprises

Pareek Udai

150 studies (including some case studies) done exclusively on public enterprises are comparative studies of public enterprises and enterprises in the private sector have been reviewed under five main OB dimensions (general, organizational dynamics, person in the organization, group and organizational processes, and organizational change and innovations). Analysis showed that 69 studies were on public enterprises in general, whereas other types of enterprises included manufacturing industry (36%), non-manufacturing industry (7), banks (29), and service organisations (9). The trend showed that studies in four areas of OB were well distributed 32-40 studies in each area). The trends have been discussed and the needs to develop better methodology, more insightful theories, and more effective intervention strategies have been suggested.

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Working Papers | 1982

Growth and Instability in Gujarat Agriculture

George P S and Kumar M Krishna

The agricultural development strategy followed in India during various Five Year Plans laid emphasis on achieving growth and stability in agricultural production and equity in distribution of grains from increased production through adoption of improved technology. Experiences show that output growth has not been very satisfactory and it has often resulted in wide fluctuation. The present paper summarizes the findings of the study based on the performances of growth and instability in Gujarat Agriculture. For analysis, the whole set of data have been divided into three sub groups keeping the peak production year in view. Later compound growth rate, coefficient of variation, decomposition and regression analysis were used to work out various coefficients. The study reveals that inspite of considerable technological changes, the growth rate of output of number of crops is still dependent upon the growth in area. Further it can be seen that the increased fluctuation in output of many commodities during sixties is further aggravated during the seventies. Though in the sixties decline in area fluctuation was experienced, during the seventies this fluctuation has widened. Fluctuation in productivity experienced in the sixties also doesn't show any declining tendency.

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Working Papers | 1982

Control Systems in Public Enterprises

Murthy K R S

Despite the large size and rapid growth of public enterprises, empirical research on their behaviour is meagre. The research that exists compares public with private enterprises. It is not able to establish any significant differences to support the thesis that they belong to a different genre of business. Nor is research able to explain satisfactorily the wide differences in the performance and public attitudes to the two sectors. An important area, on which no empirical research exists, is political and government control. Research so far has treated such control as intrusions, instead of treating it as its central focus. Therefore, comparisons of public to private enterprise are not only inappropriate but also misleading. Researchers have to examine public enterprise as a system including its political and governmental control to provide an understanding of its processes and behaviour.

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Working Papers | 1982

Phase of Divergent Thinking

Khandwalla P N

Twenty-one subjects were given the divergent thinking task of listing green, funny, and liquid objects and asked to think aloud. Their protocols were analysed and five phases and 23 sub-phases of divergent thinking were identified. Ideating was found to be the most commonly utilised phase. Its frequency was negatively correlated with problem structuring and feeling, and positively with evaluating. The most common transitions from each of the five phases were identified, and several recursive problem solving paths were constructed. Contrary to the general presumption of sequentiality among phases of divergent thinking, no notable sequentiality was found. Creative solutions tended to be proceded by redifinition of constraints, listing activity, and playful elaboration of a solution more often than "objective" solutions. Market differences were found in the problem solving style of the subjects. Implications of the findings were discussed.

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