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2757 items in total found

Working Papers | 1978

Fertiliser Consumption Scene in India: A Critical Review

Desai G M

After a sharp decline in 1974-75, consumption of fertilizer increased substantially in the subsequent years. In fact, the growth in absolute terms registered during 1976-77 (and also likely to register in 1977-78) is larger than during any year prior to 1976-77. Such an impressive growth has occurred under price environment which is much less favorable to the cultivators than the one which prevailed in the years before the Oil Crises. All this has created a general feeling that all s well with the trends in demand for fertilizer as well as efforts to generate continuous rapid growth in it. The main aim of the paper is to assess critically the prospects of continuous rapid growth in demand for fertilizer during the next few years. This is done by identifying the forces responsible for growth after 1974 in the background of growth in fertilizer consumption up to 1974. The most important conclusion of the paper is that the growth rates in fertilizer consumption after 1974-75 cannot be taken as indicative of the rates at which it is likely to grow in the next few years, and that concerted efforts are required in the right directions if post-1974 growth rates in demand for fertilizers are to be sustained.

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Working Papers | 1978

Growth Foodgrains Production in India, 1960-61 to 1975-76: Sources of Growth and Future Prospects

Desai G M and Shah D C

This paper focuses on growth in foodgrains (FGs) production in India between 1960-61 and 1975-76. To understand the sources of this growth, we have scrutinized year to year changes in FGs production, estimated the relative importance of changes in area and per hectare yield of FGs in causing these changes, and examined the extent to which the annual changes in FGs production and yield were "systematically" associated with changes in irrigation levels, spread of HYVs and consumption of fertilizers. The four most important conclusions of the paper are as follows: First, not only was the growth rate of FGs production over the 15-year period very modest but the trend was quite unsteady and halting. Second, changes in average yield rather than in area under FGs were the prime determinant of both overall growth and year to year changes in FGs production. Third, notwithstanding the dominant influence of weather conditions, the magnitudes of year to year changes in yield were systematically and significantly associated with changes in irrigated areas under FGs, spread of HYVs of FGs and fertilizer consumption taken together. And fourth, much of the scope for further spread of currently available HYVs of FGs on areas which are already irrigated is already exhausted. This is also true for sizeable growth in fertilizer consumption year after year. Consequently, the prospects of rapid and sustained growth in FGs production depend on vigorous policy measures based on the correct understanding of the urgency and major complexities of the problem.

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Working Papers | 1978

Improving the Effectiveness of Public Managers: Can MBO Help?

Mittal B L

Public Administration studies of bureaucracy provide valuable perspective but little specific guidance to an administrator who wants to improve his effectiveness. Present study differs in as much as it looks at administrative behaviour in terms of elements of operational managerial process-that is goal setting, staff-commitment, monitoring and control. This paper first discusses why current administrative behaviour, managerial process that is, would detract from managerial effectiveness and then goes on to present as alternative, the framework of "Management by Objectives." In the context of public programmes, the current managerial process and MBO process are contrasted on the touchstone of optimal-sharing of managerial responsibilities between two consecutive levels of managerial hierarchy. Obvious objections to applicability of MBO to governmental organizations are countered. The context of the study is FP programme organization in one large north Indian state. But the discussion is pertinent, feels the author, to any governmental programme. The MBO framework presented is, it must be noted, context-free, and those concerned with governmental programmes per se, either as practitioners or as researchers are invited to reflect over the potential and applicability of this paper's presentation to their particular concerns.

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Working Papers | 1978

Education for Development: Some Experiences from an Action Research Project

T. V. Rao

This paper describes the action research efforts made by a group from IIMA to initiate change processes in a block in Rajasthan. On discovering the education at rural schools is seen as irrelevant and dysfunctional by rural people, the project team felt that economic activities should be generated to help villagers and these activities should form a base for redesigning the school systems and sub-systems. This paper describes various efforts made by the team to help teachers participate in the developmental activities after initiating these activities in some villages. The results of these efforts and the various experiences are described. The project is still in process and this is an interim paper.

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Working Papers | 1978

Crisis Responses of Competing Versus Non-Competing Organizations

Khandwalla P N

The purpose of the paper is to identify responses of organizations undergoing crisis when they are subjected to either much competition or little competition. In this paper, the literature on organizational crises and responses to them is surveyed to identify main organizational responses to crises and to differentiate the responses to internal crises such as induced by sharp intra organizational conflicts, mismanagement, or non cooperation of personnel, versus responses to externally induced crises such as arising from a credit squeeze, or non availability of crucial raw materials, or shifts in government policy or legislation that gravely hurt the organization. The literature on organizational responses to competition is surveyed to identify the principal responses to a competitive environment. Based on the identification of responses to external crises, internal crises, and competition, a series of hypotheses incorporating a large number of predicted organizational responses are developed. These are then tested by recourse to data gathered from the senior managements of 165 North American companies. Finally the implications of the findings are discussed.

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Working Papers | 1978

Role Conflict, Tension and Job Satisfaction: A Study of Medical Representatives

Mehta Subhash C, S. Roy, Pandya A M, and Chawla Deepak

Based on a sample of Medical Representatives representing a cross-section of pharmaceutical companies, this study had two major objectives: 1. Identification of the significant determinants of role conflict, role clarity, quality of supervision, job tension and job satisfaction; 2. Investigation of the strength and direction of relationships between role conflict, job tension, and job satisfaction and their correlations with role conflict, role clarity, and satisfaction with clarity of supervision, as perceived by the salesmen. The study set out to test a number of hypotheses on these relationships, all of which were confirmed. Findings of the study lead to a number of suggestions for the sales managers who are interested in controlling role conflict and job tension and enhancing job satisfaction of their sales force. Also a number of methodological suggestions are made for future research in this area.

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Working Papers | 1978

Viability and Equity Objectives of Institutional Credit for Agriculture

Desai B M

The paper first discusses whether or not there exist on a priori grounds conflict between viability and equity objectives of institutional credit for agriculture. It then goes on to describe the past experience in this regard in India. This is done on the basis of readily available published data and some micro studies covering the aspects of distribution of credit and its over dues among different sized farms. In the last section some suggestions are offered to minimize the incompatibility of the two objectives.

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Working Papers | 1978

Role of Welfare Officers in Family Planning and Welfare

Verma Pramod

Working Papers | 1977

Utility Theory and Participation in Unfair Lotteries

Patel Nitin R and Subrahmanyam M G

Two alternative explanations have been proposed earlier to rationalize the participation of risk averse individuals in unfair lotteries within the framework of the von Neumann-Morgenstern expected utility hypothesis. One relies on the "thrill of gambling" while the other postulates that individuals have utility functions that are initially convex and become concave for larger values of wealth. In this paper, we provide a more complete explanation that is consistent with consumer choice theory. The underlying assumption is that certain commodities mainly luxuries are available only in "lumpy" amounts. It is shown that the indivisibility of high value commodities creates situations where individuals participate in unfair lotteries and yet are behaving consistently with the expected utility maxim.

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Working Papers | 1977

Arrangements Covering International Trade in Textiles: A Summary View of Issues and Perspectives

Wadhva Charan D and Mote V L

This Study has primarily been concerned with the issues and perspectives on the historical evolution and working of the arrangements governing international trade in "textiles", particularly the latest such arrangement, unofficially knows as the Multi Fibre Arrangement (MFA). While we have discussed the problems of both the developed and the developing countries in the field of world trade in textiles and their implications for structural changes in the pattern of a more rational international division of labor, greater attention has been paid to the problems of the developing "textile" exporting countries with special reference to the Southeast Asian countries. The study has mainly concentrated on the adjustment problems in the working of the MFA. The working of the multilateral surveillance for the implementation of the MFA through the Textiles Surveillance Body (TSB) has been evaluated. In the light of the findings, the Study has offered a few suggestions for renegotiating the MFA in the near future to achieve its objectives more effectively. This Working Paper presents the 'Summary and Conclusions' of the Study mentioned above. A few tables and statements having a bearing on the issues and conclusions presented in this paper are appended to help the readers to get a better perspective.

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