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3725 items in total found

Working Papers | 1993

Income and Price Elasticities in India Trade

Gupta G S and Keshava H

The paper estimates the export and import function for India both at the aggregate (rest of the world) as well as the important individual country levels, using annual time series data for the period 1960-61 through 1990-91. It finds that the income elasticities of trade are significant and that this elasticity is significantly higher for imports than exports, implying the possibility of the worsening trade balance with the growth in economies. The trade is generally price inelastic but this elasticity is generally higher for exports than imports. The sum (absolute) of the two price elasticities generally exceeds unity and thus satisfies the Marshall-Lerner condition for the effectiveness of devaluation in regulating the trade imbalance. The impact of the 1966 devaluation is found significant more with regard to imports than exports, and the post 1980 liberalization policy has produced desirable impact on India globalization. Based on the estimated trade elasticities and the last five years average growth rates in the trade determinants, the growth rates in India's real exports and imports have been projected at 4.1% and 5.4% respectively, and accordingly a worsening of the trade imbalance has been foreseen in the coming years.

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Working Papers | 1993

Axiomatic Characterization of the Cao Choice Function for Multiattribute Choice Problems

Prakash Aseem

In this paper we provide an axiomatic characterization of a choice function due to Cao (1981) multiattribute choice problems.

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Working Papers | 1993

Jatropha Curcas L. : A Promising Non-edible Oil Seeds

Gurdev Singh, Seetharaman S P, and Chokshi S N

Jatropha curcas L. is a non-edible oil seeds which grows widely in some areas in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan where it is also grow as live fence on the boundaries of fields. Being hardy in nature it can survive in harsh soil and climatic conditions and is a suitable species for wastelands and marginal farm lands. To augment the supply of non-edible oils for industrial uses efforts were made to promote this species as a plantation crop among the farmers in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan through public, cooperative and corporate sectors. However, so far success eluded every where. It was found that though the crop has shown a promise at experimental farm, it failed at the farmers level. Being a new crop, it warranted more intensive follow up by the promoters. The average yield obtained in the initial years by some farmers was less than one-third of the expected. As a result, many growers uprooted the crop after 2-3 years experience. As a result neither the cost of cultivation nor its economics could be established. Whether the cause for failure was improper package of practices or incompatibility of soil could not be ascertained. Whether it would give better results if propagated through cuttings needs to be established. Nevertheless it is potential source of non-edible oil and needs to be promoted for wastelands development. The strategy to promote the crop should include evolving optimum agronomic practices under irrigated and rainfed cultivation. The yield potential may be recorded for direct sowing of seeds and using cuttings. Proper extension service would be crucial especially in the new areas. To realise better returns marketing support at least in the initial years would be necessary. Some arrangements need to be made to ensure disposal of crop produce. Finally, supply of healthy seeds/cutting would be an important factor for the successful adoption and diffusion of this new plantation crop enterprise.

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Working Papers | 1993

Shifts in Multiattribute Choice Problems

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we study the responsiveness of choice functions to shifts in multiattribute choice problems.

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Working Papers | 1993

Axiomatic Characterization of the Equal Loss Choice Function for Multiattribute Choice Problems

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we provide an axiomatic characterization of the equal loss choice function for multiattribute choice problem.

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Working Papers | 1993

A Note on Expansion Independence in Multiattibute Choice Problems

Lahiri Somdeb

Two appealing independence properties have been used by us to characterize the egalitarian, utilization and relative egalitarian choice functions.

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Working Papers | 1993

How Managers Kindle Learning Processes

Ramanarayan S and Nair K Unnikrishnan

Organizational learning occurs when the insights and learnings of individual organization members are transferred to the larger organizational system. This paper examines how senior managers create processes which enable this transfer to take place effectively. It presents an empirical study, conducted in seven major sub units of a large, national organization engaged in R&D and project management. The various dimensions of organizational learning are: developing clear focus on objectives and plans for internal integration; being sensitive to people potential and needs; generating concern for long term planning and success; supporting experimentation/creativity; scanning the environment; and generating triggers for change and attending to development of capabilities. The results suggest that organizational processes do bear a significant association to these learning dimensions. Hence, for managers with the vision of building learning organizations, the effective management of organizational processes become crucial for fostering learning. Managers adopting developmental or nurturant-task styles of leadership, proactive methods of conflict management, and having an explicit agenda of change and innovation contribute to organizational learning. Further, the study shows that learning organizations are also high performance organizations. Some of the important themes that emerge from the study are: the necessity for empowerment of organizational members to take up learning challenges; supportive, nurturant, and facilitating approach of managers towards unlearning and relearning; and the significance of team learning.

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Working Papers | 1993

Revealed Preference and Utilitarianism in Multiattribute Choice Problems

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we have investigated two related issues: (a) representability of a choice function: (b) characterization of a representable choice functions, namely the utilitarian choice function. Probably the most well-known representable choice function is the one due to Nash (1950), which is characterized by properties similar to those which characterize the utilitarian choice function, except that instead of shift invariance we have scale invariance for Nash's solution. Our proof of representability is simpler and easier to comprehend than most other proofs existing in the literature. Our characterization of the utilitarian choice function is both elegant and concise. The meaningfulness of the properties characterizing this solution, should enhance its appeal as a choice function.

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Working Papers | 1993

Creative Approaches in Advertising in India in the Early Nineties - What Criteria

Mokhopadhyay Sipra

The paper developed while exploring the anomaly that the best adjusted creatives are not necessarily the best performers, despite uniformity in other marketing inputs. It examines (1) current trends in creative approaches, how do these fit in with the existing typologies and exhibit a blend resulting from adaptation to local culture, (2) the criteria used for assessing a creative and the missing links. Findings indicate that image, execution and common touch are the most frequently used strategies. While judicious adaptation of creative helps, transplants can only work for a few low involvement product, consumption of which is not influenced by culture. A set of criteria must take into account market competition, state of the buyer, PLC, product and media characteristics. Successful creatives have ensured that the target audience is about to realise 'identity with self' likes the ad and feels involved.

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Working Papers | 1993

Exchange Rate Determination: Models, Verification and Findings

Gupta G S and Keshava H

The paper discusses the various theoretical models for exchange rate as developed in the literature, translates them into testable forms, verifies them through empirical work on five important exchange rates, and infer useful conclusions for enhancing the understanding of the exchange rate theory. The sticky price monetary model, incorporating the current account balance differential variable, is found to be the most appropriate model for exchange rate determination. Thus, the exchange rate is found to vary directly with money supply differential and expected inflation differential, and inversely with real income differential, current account balance differential and interest rate differential. These variables together explain 91 to 97% of the variation in different exchange rates. The coefficients of the causal variables are quite often insignificant and unstable, and hence not much can be inferred about exchange rate elasticities. Accordingly, the exchange rate models at their present state of knowledge are not quite adequate for a proper management of the exchange rate. Furthermore, the time series models are found to perform better than the structural models for forecasting.

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