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3890 items in total found

Working Papers | 1992

Cigarette and Liquor Advertising in India An Exploratory Study

Mukhopadhyay S and Kureshi Sonal

The study examined cigarette and liquor ads in the print media in the context of consumer behaviour and legal/ethical issues. Subjects were drawn from three distinct segments, the vulnerable segment comprising of boys from senior school; habitual consumers, the adult users; and the potential segment, the adult non-users. The first segment was studied to assess the impact of ads on them in order to draw implications for public policy. To understand consumer behaviour, adult users were surveyed to find the initiation process and their reaction to own and competitive brands. Non-users were also examined on their reaction to ads. Laddering was used on both the adult segments to explore linkage of values with consumption. The findings indicate that school boys are exposed to either of the products through various media including shop displays. The impact of print media is realized only because of its proximity to the target audience and being a "choice" medium. Social factors dominate the initiation process for both the products. Values and goals differentiate users form non-users. Imposing restriction on media is unlikely to contain the overpowering influences of social and value related factors. Social education through emotive or rational appeals could be directed at the vulnerable/potential segment to emphasize moderation, rather than total abstinence. Other measures could be restriction of supply, the severest form being prohibition. The consequences could however be equally disastrous.

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Working Papers | 1992

Some Issues in the Design and Delivery of Government Aged Social Development Programme: The Case of DWCRA in Gujarat

Chhabra H S and Bhatt Anil

Despite exhortations to allocate at least 30 per cent of the benefits under the Integrated Rural Development Programme for women, the actual performance has been considerable below this norm. An exclusive programme for the Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) was launched by the Ministry of Rural Development in 1983. This paper examines the design and delivery issues of this programme based on its working in the state of Gujarat between 1983-1991. The paper shows that the record of implementation in Gujarat has not been particularly successful. The difficulties of finding suitable women officers to implement this programme at various levels, the lack of orientation among field workers and the high turnover among senior level staff drawn on deputation from other departments have been identified as the major reasons for ineffective implementation. This programme demands innovative approaches in extension and imagination in identifying appropriate economic and social activities for selected groups of women. Rural development functionaries accustomed to implementing large scale programmes of wage and self-employment have been found wanting in adapting to this approach. Altogether, there have been serious lags in the provision of revolving fund for groups so constituted and identification of appropriate economic and social activities for groups provided with revolving funds. There have also been major shortfalls in the construction of multi purpose centres under this programme. This paper highlights some of these key issues of programme design and implementation on the eve of the eighth five year plan.

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Working Papers | 1992

On-the-job and Off-the-job areas of Job Satisfaction in Relation to Job Involvement and Participation

Singh Mira

The study examines the effect of job involvement and participation on 'on-the-job' factors and 'off-the-job' factors of job satisfaction in different groups. Data were collected from a sample of 145 officers and 135 clerical personnel of a large banking organisation in west zone. The results tend to support previous research findings regarding the moderating effects of job involvement and participation on 'on-the-job' factors and 'off-the-job' factors of job satisfaction in different groups. In fact, significant interactions, between job involvement and participation, and job level and participation are obtained. The relationship between 'on-the-job` and 'off-the-job' factors are also discussed.

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Working Papers | 1992

Equal Income and a Continuum of Tastes in an Economy with Public Goods

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we show that for a continuum economy with public goods, every fair allocation corresponds to an Equal Income Lindahl Equilibrium under mild assumptions.

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Working Papers | 1992

Attitudes Towards Women as Managers: Do Extent of Exposure and Satisfaction with Exposure Make a Difference?

Deepti Bhatnagar and Swamy Ranjini

For changing the discriminatory attitudes of male managers towards women as managers, two approaches are possible. The first one, suggesting organizational responsibility, assumes a positive relationship between the extent of exposure to women managers and attitudes towards women as managers. The second approach, emphasizing the responsibility of women managers for change, assumes a positive relationship between the extent of satisfaction perceived in task-related exposures to women and attitudes towards them. Both these assumptions are examined in this study. In the first phase, data were collected from 101 male bank managers who had interacted with women managers. The second phase was carried out to examine, additionally, if exposure to women clerks was associated with attitudes towards women as managers. Results showed that (a) the extent of exposure to women managers and clerks did not significantly correlate with attitudes and (b) satisfaction with exposure to women officers and (to a much lesser extent) clerks, correlated positively with attitudes. Interviews with ten male managers led the authors to believe that satisfaction tends to occur when women are perceived to satisfy the task-related expectations of women. These expectations pertain to what should be accomplished in the exposures and how it should be accomplished. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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Working Papers | 1992

Setting up an Irrigation Cooperative: A Feasibility Study

Kolavalli Shashi, Chhokar J S, Naik Gopal, Saha Jahar, Bhat Ramesh, and Shah Nitin

The objective of the study was to examine the feasibility of setting up an irrigation cooperative in Hadgood village in Kheda district of Gujarat. A sample of 80 households, chosen at rando, was studied and households having no irrigation sources and having irrigation sources were compared on the following aspects: i) landholding and intensity of land use: ii) cropping pattern: iii) costs and returns from different crops with existing water resources: and iv) farm income per household. An attempt was also made to assess the viability of the irrigation cooperative society by considering factors like: i) potential for increasing irrigation: ii) extent of dependence of the households on agricultural income: iii) additional sources of income like dairy and employment: iv) adoption of farm technology, and v) making investments for establishing an irrigation cooperatives. The study has shown that the potential for improving the productivity of agriculture through either: a) irrigating more land or b) increasing cropping intensity or c) changing the cropping pattern or d) adoption of modern farm practices, is rather low. It is therefore, concluded that, keeping the overall situation of the village in view, the setting up of an irrigation cooperative society in Hadgood Village is not feasible.

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Working Papers | 1992

Growth of Total Factor Productivity in Indian Agriculture

Dholakia Bakul H and Ravindra H. Dholakia

In the present study the sources of Growth of Indian agriculture have been estimated for three sub-periods during 1950-51 to 1988-89. It also estimates the contribution of adverse weather conditions and intensity of resource use to total factor productivity growth. It is found that TFPG has contributed significantly to the acceleration of agricultural growth facilitating release of scarce resources from agriculture to other sectors in the economy. Thus, TFPG in agriculture has been the prime driving force behind the acceleration of overall growth in the Indian economy achieved during the eighties. The main determinant of TFPG has been found to be the use of modern inputs like fertilizers, HYV seeds and irrigation. It is also argued that the government policies to encourage the use of modern inputs have played a critical role in achieving the acceleration of the agricultural and hence overall growth in the economy. The agricultural input subsidies, particularly fertilizer subsidy, have been the major policy instruments inducing modernisation of Indian agriculture.

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Working Papers | 1992

Opportunity Fairness and Equal Income Lindahl Equilibrium

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we propose a concept of opportunity fairness for economies in which there are public goods and establish its equivalence with the concept of an equal income Lindahl equilibrium.

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Working Papers | 1992

Venture Capital and Entrepreneurial Development: The Indian Experience

Pandey I M

Venture capital has developed in the Western countries on account of the need to provide non-conventional, risky finance for new ventures based on innovative entrepreneurship. There are not many empirical studies of the impact of venture capital. However, a few studies do exist in context of the developed countries. Because of the paucity of information, there is hardly any comprehensive study of the results of venture capital in developing countries. There is thus a need for systematic review of the venture capital experiences in selected developed and developing countries in order to understand the developmental role of venture capital and the process underlying the success of venture capital. This study is a detailed case analysis of the venture capital experience in India. It is intended to draw lessons and implications for the development of venture capital in developing countries. The study examines: · The strategic role venture capital in the development of technology, innovative entrepreneurship and small enterprises in India; · The development process of venture capital by a systematic analysis of venture capital practices and policies in India; and · The policy initiatives necessary for the success of venture capital in developing countries based on the Indian experience. The study is based on primary information gathered through extensive interviews with a large number of managers of various venture capital companies and published material. The study is divided into five sections. Section 1 provides background of venture capital and a review of its development in some developed and developing countries. Section 2 explains the context of venture capital in India and its role in the technology and entrepreneurial development. Section 3 examines the practices and policies of the venture capital firms in India. Section 4 review the policy initiatives necessary for the growth of the venture capital industry in a developing country like India. Section 5 summarises the findings of the study.

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Working Papers | 1992

The Trucking Industry: An Introductory Note

G. Raghuram and Padmanabhan G

The primary modes for movement of goods in most of the countries (and in India) are Rail and Road. Of late, movement of goods by roads has gained considerable importance in India. The road transport industry is penetrating into the market through a strategy of services. They provide service form the platform of the consignor to the door of the consignee. Besides, they accept goods in small quantities. Unlike Railways, they have the capacity to penetrate into isolated rural and hilly areas, where laying a railway becomes expensive. Because of the ease of departure as soon as the vehicle is loaded, and the load itself being significantly less than the unit load in Railways, they have been successful in cornering the market for short haul movements of all types of goods and a significant share of the long haul movements which need rapid transaction. The truck population in India has grown at a rate of 7.2 per cent per annum between 1950-51 to 1990-91. At present, there are over 1300 trucks per million population and the utilisation of trucks is around 70,000 kms. per year. The corresponding figures for the USA are 151,2000 (over 100 times) and 19,2000 kms. per year (less than one third). The trucking industry is a very significant player in goods movement, carrying over 54% of the tonne km. rail road share in 1988-89 (up from 11% in 1950-51). The paper concludes that considering the inability of Railways to provide piecemeal wagons, it is essential to encourage the movement of goods by roads. Inspite of the unorganized nature of the private companies engaged in the movement of goods, the trucking operation in India seems to be fairly efficient. This is partly reflected in the increasing rate in the growth of movement of goods by roads. The road infrastructure and service management need to be improved substantially, to make the trucking industry vibrant. However, it is important to identify the commodities that can be transported economically by rail and develop strategies to encourage this, from an energy point of view.

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