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3818 items in total found

Working Papers | 1987

Institutional Credit for Green Revolution and Dry-Farming Areas in India

Desai B M, Gupta V K, and Gurdev Singh

This paper examines the relationship between the degree of agricultural progress and institutional credit. More specifically it examines the relationship between the proportion of area covered under HYVs of foodgrains and (a) the density of Rural Financial Institutions (RFIs), (b) various types of agricultural credit, and (c) default rate of 'direct' agricultural credit from the cooperatives. Moreover, it also examines the relationship between this default rate and various types of cooperative credit for agriculture. These relationships are examined by utilizing cross sectional data of 10 states in India for 3 years. The paper found that the degree of agricultural progress is positively associated with the density of RFIs and overall amount of credit per hectare. Secondly similar relationship was found for the share of credit for (a) agricultural input subsystem, (b) stability and growth of current production in agricultural production subsystem, and (c) 'kind' credit in short-term crop loans. The paper also found that the default rate of 'direct' cooperative credit for agricultural production subsystem was inversely related to the share of (a) agricultural input subsystem credit in 'indirect' credit, (b) stability and growth of current production credit in 'direct' credit for agricultural production subsystem and that of (c) 'kind' credit in short-term crop loans for agricultural production subsystem from the cooperatives. The paper makes recommendations about how to increase the share of these three types of credit in dry farming areas. These recommendations are made because these types of credit have direct bearing on improving factor productivities, loan recoveries, growth rate in agricultural production and value added, and viability of RFIs.

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Working Papers | 1987

Banking in Backward Regions: Banks-NGO-POOR Interface - Alternatives for Action

Anil K. Gupta

The problem of improving access of poor to formal banking system in risky ecological regions has acquired added importance in recent times. The ecological imbalances, reduced opportunities for productive investments, fluctuations in outputs, lack of technological break through, seasonal as well as permanent migration, poor infrastructure, multi-enterprise based household survival strategies etc. pose tremendous challenge to designers of accessible organizations. We have taken into account the spatial, seasonal, sectoral dimensions of social stratification while conceptualising the problems of access of poor to natural resources, assurance from the institution and abilities or the skills of the poor to convert access into investments. The socio-ecological paradigm so developed has been used to abstract lessons from six cases of Bank-NGO-Poor interface. While we do not believe that the challenge of developing poor in backward regions can be left primarily on the shoulders of NGOs, we do recognise the need for learning from innovative approaches. The experience of six cases studied by colleagues at IIM and GIAP has been synthesized in this paper. Several policy options identified earlier have been validated while need for some more has also become apparent. It is hoped that NABARD will be able to use insights emerging from this ongoing group research effort to make banking in backward region more accessible to poor.

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Working Papers | 1987

Economic Order Quantity When Ordering Costs are Lot Size Dependent

Gupta Omprakash K

Classical EOQ model assumes that the ordering cost A is constant and independent of lot size. This paper deals with the case when A depends on the lot size and increases at a decreasing rate. Firstly A is assumed to increase in steps as a function of lot size . In both cases models are analyzed and procedures are given for determining the optimal lot size.

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Working Papers | 1987

An Improved Procedure for Economic Order Quantity with all Unit Price Discounts

Gupta Omprakash K

Suppliers often offer price discounts for large purchases. These discounts are generally of two types: all unit discounts and incremental discounts. This paper presents an improved procedure for determining the economic order quantity under all unit discounting scheme. Upper bounds on the total relevant costs are obtained which are used to discard certain high-price ranges form consideration.

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Working Papers | 1987

Organizational Behaviour Research in India: A Review

Khandwalla P N

The paper defines Organizational Behaviour (OB) and indicates its relevance to management. It briefly describes some global trends in OB. Next, it discusses trends in OB research in India vis-a-vis quantity of OB research, the OB product-mix, shift from academic to socially relevant research, diversity in the use of research methods, and the emergence of Indian OB models. The paper next indicates cumulation in the areas of work motivation, conflict and conflict management, and the management of organizational dynamics. Finally, after noting the achievements of OB research in India the paper identifies several gaps and suggests several directions future OB research should take. In particular, it pleads for a sharper social focus, involving studies of the organizational consequences of major Indian realities and greater priority to the study of strategic organizations and individuals. It suggests greater effort at relating macro-OB variables to micro-OB variables, at relating macro-OB variables with one another, and the examination of a number of under-investigated micro-OB variables. It pleads for much greater use of natural experiments based research, and concludes by listing the sorts of help practitioners want from OB academics.

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Working Papers | 1987

Regional Development Policy: An International Survey of Incentive Scheme

Ramachandran K

Industrialisation of backward areas has attracted the attention of governments all over the world, both developing and advanced. These efforts vary from direct investment to indirect assistance. This paper reviews the scheme of assistance offered, broadly categorised as physical financial and fiscal incentives. Data for this study were collected from a mail survey of incentive schemes and published literature. No particular sampling technique was used to select the countries for study. This analysis of schemes in fiftyfive countries suggests that fiscal incentives are used as the major incentive in poor countries, whereas financial incentives are more important in rich countries. The type of incentive offered depends on the capacity of country to spare funds for regional development and the risks involved in blocking up scarce resources in unused investments. Advanced countries compete among themselves to attract international investments by offering liberal incentives. Also, incentives are more where environmental risk is high. The findings are useful to regional development policy making in countries at different levels of development to draw on the experiences of others. The pattern of changes in regional incentives is useful to understand the structure of incentive system.

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Working Papers | 1987

Incidence of Deferred Tax Due to Depreciation: An Empirical Study

Parikh Shweta and Srinivasan G

Deferred tax arises due to difference in the reported income and taxable income. In India it is not obligatory for corporations to provide for deferred tax which results in mismatch of tax liability and pre-tax income. In this study we look into the incidence of tax deferral due to difference in depreciation methods. A sample of thirty companies have been studied for four years. We have presented the extent of tax deferral and the resultant overstatement of reported income in the sample companies. The trend of overstatement over the years is also analysed and the implications are highlighted.

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Working Papers | 1987

Leasing Industry in India: Structure and Prospects

Pandey I M

The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the structure and prospects of the leasing industry in India. Financial data of 29 selected leasing companies are analyzed to formulate the strategic groups of the leasing companies. It is argued that the winners of future would be either those leasing companies which are large in size and affect economies of scale or those which are associated with business houses. The options available to new entrants for successful survival are to enter the leasing business either as a large company or a specialized company. Entry on a leasing-cum-manufacturing will pose difficulty in terms of government regulation, raising of large capital and managerial capability.

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Working Papers | 1987

Some Issues in Microlevel Planning Based on Experience of Action Research in India

Ravindra H. Dholakia and Iyengar Sudarshan

The concept of microlevel planning is operationalized in India through special programmes involving allocation of specified funds over given sectors, space and time. While working with the district and block level administration in planning several such programmes, we faced many situations which require explicit mention and perhaps modification in the discussion of the methodology of microlevel planning in a developing economy. We have broadly categorized these issues into (a) nature and avaialbility of required statistics; (b) alternative approaches, (c) target setting; (d) choice of strategy; (e) administrative structure; (f) identification of target group; and (g) people's participation. These issues are discussed with a view to deriving their methodological implications.

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Working Papers | 1987

A Study of Role Stress in Relation to Type-A and Anger

Pestonjee D M

Present study is an attempt to explore the relationship between factors of role stress, Type-A pattern of behavioural disposition and State-Trait anger among three categories of management personnel. A battery of three psychometric instruments, namely, 'ORS Scale', 'State-Trait Anger Scale' and 'Can You Type Your Behaviour?' were administered on 221 top managers, 326 middle managers and 77 IAS officers. Critical ratio test, median test and product moment coefficients of correlation were used to analyse the data. Result of the present study suggests that interrole distance and role erosion are the most dominant contributor of role stress whereas role ambiguity and personal inadequacy are the least important contributor for the total sample of management personnel. Comparison of scores on ORS Scale revealed that by and large all the three comparison groups differ from one another. Type-A and trait-anger scores were found to be statistically insignificant whereas state-anger scores were significantly different in all the three comparison groups. Study of correlation coefficients revealed that more correlation coefficients among role stress factors as well as ORS vs S/T anger were significant in case of TMG, followed by NNG and IAS personnel. More correlation coefficients between Type-A score and ORS factors were found to be significant in case of IAS group as compared to other datasets. Datasets were also dichotomized on the basis of age of the respondents. Statistical differences as well as correlation coefficients pertaining to variables understudy were analysed for both, low and high age group management personnel of each categories.

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