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Working Papers | 1986

Economic Importance of Biogas in Integrated Rural Energy System

Moulik T K and P. R. Shukla

This paper discusses the impact of dung availability and economic importance of biogas plants in Integrated Rural Energy System (IRES). Fixed Cost, maintenance cost, feedstock cost and manpower costs of community biogas plant are presented. IRES selection for four villages using the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimization model is presented. Analysis of selection of IRES and energy is presented. Analysis of selection of IRES and energy costs with short term and long term policies of improving dung availability is given which highlights the importance of biogas plants in IRES and costs of energy to a village.

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Working Papers | 1986

Comparative Evaluation of Operating Performances of KVIC and Janata Models of Biogas Plants in India

Moulik T K and P. R. Shukla

This paper gives a comparative evaluation of operating performance of KVIC and Janata model biogas plants in India. The comparative analysis is based on the extensive field survey of KVIC and Janata model plants in five States in India. Comparison is based on cost, operating problems, usage of gas, maintenance, feed stock types etc. Role of implementation agencies in success of the biogas plant installation is also studied.

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Working Papers | 1986

Determinants of Error Variance in Individual Child Analyses for Studying Integrational Capacity

Singh Ramadhar

In research on information integration by children, integrational capacity of a child is ascertained by the number of statistically significant main effects in analysis of variance for the child. Such an approach has an obvious bias, for the error variance may be bigger for younger but smaller for older children. Analyses of error variance from individual child analyses of four previous experiments on prediction of performance yielded mixed results. The mean error term sometimes decreased, sometimes increased, and sometimes remained the same over increasing age of children. The number of cues in the integration task and the nature of judgment seemed to be better predictors of error variance than the age of children. It seems that a study of integrational capacity must as a rule check on response variability along with the number of statistically significant main effects over ages.

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Working Papers | 1986

Organization of the Future: A Strategic Organization Perspective

Khandwalla P N

In the light of research on organizational design, the paper outlines an effective design for the strategic organizations of developing societies. Strategic organizations are defined as those organizations with the mission of further growth and development of the sectors they are serving. The data on 31 leading Indian central public sector enterprises indicates that the postulated effective organizational design for Third World strategic organizations is feasible. The data on 5 strategic Indian organizations indicates that rapid, sometimes spectacular improvement in productivity and other indicators of performance accompany management changes towards the design postulated to be effective for strategic organizations.

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Working Papers | 1986

Prediction of Son Performance in Easy through Difficult Exams by Indian Parents

Singh Ramadhar and Mehta Mridula

Prediction of exam performance from information about motivation and ability of students by Indian subjects always supported an adding-type rule. As this rule implies that motivation is equally effective with persons of low through high ability, it may be regarded as reflective of an idealistic philosophy. The present research tested the hypothesis that a multiplying-type rule which implies that motivation is more effective with persons of high than of low ability may be used by Indian subjects if the situation demands realistic estimates. Twenty-four couples expressed expectations from their only-son in easy through difficult exams to school principal confidentially. Predictions by mothers obeyed the multiplying-type rule; those by fathers obeyed the adding-type rule. Exam difficulty changed pattern in father's judgments but not in mother's judgments. However, parents held a similar belief: Effectiveness of motivation increases with sons of high ability but decreases with sons of low ability as difficulty of exam increases. Of the three possible explanations for the effects of exam difficulty, changes in weight of information seemed to be the most parsimonious.

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Working Papers | 1986

A Goal Programming Model for Selection of Integrated Rural Energy Sytems

P. R. Shukla and Moulik T K

This paper presents a goal programming model for selection of Integrated Rural Energy System (IRES). The decisions involve (i) selection of a mix of energy generating systems and (ii) allocation of energy from these to different end-uses. These decisions are made considering several goals such as budget requirements, cost minimization, energy demand and supply, fuel-wood conservation etc. A pre-emptive priority structure for goal achievement is considered. The formulation thus esults in a mixed integer linear goal programming (MILGP) model.

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Working Papers | 1986

OB for Social Development: A Position Paper

Khandwalla P N

The thesis of the paper is that OB can contribute richly to socio-economic development of poor Third World societies. It can do so through research on OB-related problems of the strategic organizations of these societies and on the strategic individuals and groups in these organizations. The concept of the strategic organization, individual, and team is expounded. Interesting OB research questions pertaining to strategic organizations are delineated in the areas of motivation and control, coordination and collaboration, boundary management, management of growth, institution building, innovation and change, and sickness and revitalization.

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Working Papers | 1986

The Bases of Involvement in Work and Family Contexts

Kanungo R N and Misra Sasi B

The paper reports on a bi-national study of involvement in work and family contexts. Using heterogeneous samples of managerial personnel in India and Canada, the study explored the differential need patterns aroused in work and family contexts, the nature of relationship between work and family contexts, and the relationship between perceived need satisfaction potential of the context and involvement in that context. Results reveal that in the work context, growth needs are perceived to be most important, affiliative needs next, and subsistence needs least important. In the family context on the contrary, affiliative needs are perceived to be most important, subsistence needs next, and growth needs least important. With respect to involvement, the relationship between work and family contexts was found to be weak. This relationship was found to be influenced by the need satisfaction potential of respective contexts. The cross-national generalizability and usefulness of several sociological and psychological approaches for research on involvement in multilife-spheres are discussed.

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Working Papers | 1986

The Definition and Measurement of Family Involvement

Misra Sasi B, Ghose Ratna, and Kanungo R N

This paper reports on the development of a new and standardized measure of family involvement. The family involvement construct is operationalized on the basis of the motivational formulation of involvement and alienation (Kanungo, 1979) and studied in a binational setting. Data collected and analyzed from heterogeneous samples of 269 Indian and 168 Canadian employees reveal that the eight-item family involvement scale has satisfactory psychometric properties. The scale passes the tests of internal consistency, unidimensionality, and construct validity in samples from both the countries. The utility of the scale for research and professional work are discussed.

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Working Papers | 1986

Cultural, Developmental, and Task Differences in Prediction of Performace: An Information Integration Analysis

Srivastava Prabha and Singh Ramadhar

Past research showed that Indian children average information about motivation and ability in prediction of performance. However, a multiplying-type rule develops from an adding-type rule in American children. The present research tested the hypothesis that integration rule depends upon age and culture of children and nature of task. Consistent with the hypothesis, Experiment 1 (n = 96) obtained evidence for no difference between children of fourth and eighth grades in prediction of performance in puzzle contest but for development of an adding-type rule from a multiplying-type rule in prediction of performance in singing contest. As the latter finding was surprising, Experiment 2 (n = 144) studied kindergarten through eleventh grade children. Results indicated that a multiplying-type rule evolves out of an adding-type rule but gets replaced by the adding-type rule during sixth and seventh grades. Of the three interpretations, namely, changes in weight of information, changes in integration rule, and changes in response reproduction processes, of the age differences, the first one seemed to be the most parsimonious.

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