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3890 items in total found

Working Papers | 1987

Wage Differentials Between Sexes in India - An Explanation

Ravindra H. Dholakia

Persistent wage differential between male and female workers in any economy is generally sought to be explained by the hypotheses of job-discrimination or sex-discrimination. In the conditions prevalent in the Indian labor market, these two hypotheses do not appear to be convincing. Alternatively, labor market imperfection and segmentation of labor market into male and female labor with distinct supply characteristics are considered to be the main factors behind the wage differential between the sexes. It is the profit maximizing behavior of the wage discriminating monopsonists rather than personal preferences and prejudices of employers against females that gives rise to the persistent wage differential between equally skilled and experienced men and women workers. If such an explanation is accepted, then the policy prescriptions for tackling the male-female wage differentials are totally different from the ones based on the hypotheses of job discrimination and sex-discrimination.

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Working Papers | 1987

Managing Access, Assurance and Ability: What Should Rural Development Managers Learn and Unlearn?

Anil K. Gupta

Training of rural development managers has attracted considerable attention in the recent past in light of the drive in the Central Government for upgrading the professional skills of development managers. However, the thrust is either training people at the lower levels or sending senior managers including public servants abroad. The relationship between political economy, socio-ecological context and the training pedagogy have neither been systematically analyzed nor pursued. The paper makes a case for building upon experiential knowledge of the rural development managers and suggest alternative training approaches which can demystify the expert knowledge and at the same time provide a basis for greater collegiality between trainer and trainees. The match between theory and practice will also improve if further refinements in the methodology suggested here is attempted. Need for innovations in designing curricula and training strategies for senior as well as junior level of development bureaucracy cannot be over-emphasized. It is strongly suggested that top bureaucracy in the central and state government as well as public corporations, banks etc. need far more training to modify their perceptions of the problem and likely solutions than the middle managers. Likewise the last level of functionaries also need much greater attention. Excessive emphasize on training middle managers is bound to prove counterproductive. The paper is eidted into four parts. In part one the conceptual framework link space, season, sector and social stratification besides access, assurance and ability are discussed. In part two the issues which have arisen during various training programmes in which administrators were asked to share their dilemma are given. Part three includes review of rural development training programmes in some of the institutions and finally alternative approaches for future training strategies are given in part four.

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Working Papers | 1987

A Generalization of the Nash Bargaining Solution in Two Person Co-Operative Games

Lahiri Somdeb

Existence and characterization of a generalized bargaining solution incorporating preferential treatment is discussed. Similar results pertaining to variable reference point games are motivated.

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Working Papers | 1987

Technology for Dry Farming: How Do the Scientists, Students & Farmers View the Challenge?

Anil K. Gupta

An exploratory study of scientific goal setting in dry farming areas was pursued during 1985. The post-graduate students as well as scientists engaged in dry farming research from a North Indian agricultural university and its regional station were interviewed besides the scientists from All India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad. The farmers operating in the hinterland of the university as well as regional station were also contacted to contrast their perception with that of the scientists. Perception of scientists regarding indigenous technology developed by the farmers was studied to understand the match or mis-match existing between their perception vis-à-vis that of the farmers. The post-graduate research pursed in different universities during 1973 to 1983 in five disciplines viz., Agronomy, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Economics, Extension and Sociology was analyzed to understand the type of the skills which are being built up for facing the challenge of 21st century. The policy implications for making dry farming research more attractive for the post-graduate students and the concerned scientists have been given. The need for restructuring the approach to dry farming research management has been underlined. The contribution of ecological variables as distinct from economic variables in the choice of technology by the farmers have also been studied.

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Working Papers | 1987

A Note on the Second Order Conditions for Isoperimetric Problems in Dynamic Optimization

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we obtain a clear statement of the second order necessary condition for isoperimetric problems in dynamic optimization.

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Working Papers | 1987

Optimal Consumption Plans with Uncertain Planning Periods

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we study the one sector optimal growth model with uncertain planning horizons. We prove the non-existence of steady states, and the dependence of optimal capital stock at time 't' on the conditional probability of a 't' period planning horizon given that the planning process does not terminate before time 't'. We illustrate our results using a consumption optimal growth model and Cobb-Douglas technology.

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Working Papers | 1987

A New Proof of the Maximum Principle in Optimal Control Theory

Lahiri Somdeb

A new proof of the maximum principle is established in this paper, for the simplest problem in optimal control theory.

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Working Papers | 1987

Existence of Nash Equilibrium Programs of Capital Accumulation Under Altruistic Preferences: The Continuous Time Case

Lahiri Somdeb

This paper presents a general model of altruistic growth in continuous time, where agents' welfare are assumed separable in current consumption levels and levels of incremental consumption. We prove the existence of Nash Equilibrium Programs of Capital accumulation.

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Working Papers | 1987

How Much Does Money Matter in India?

Sharma Ram Lal

Money is not unique in India as it claimed by the monetarists in the context of the U.S.A. Because (i) Bi-directional relationship was found between nominal money and nominal income. (ii) The same type of relationship was found between money and real income.

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Working Papers | 1987

Optimal Maintenance and Life of Machines, Subject to Time Varying Rate of Depreciation

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we study the optimal maintenance policy and life of machines with time varying decay rate of quality. Many management problems involve the determination of the life or horizon of an activity in combination with the management of it. We study a particular class of such problems, and obtain solutions for optimal maintenance policies and life of machines.

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