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Working Papers | 1987

A Generalization of the Raiffa - Kalai-Smorodinsky Solution in Two Person Bargaining Games

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we present a generalization of the Raiffa-Kalai. Smorodinsky Solution to two person bargaining games, to incorporate asymmetries in solution payoffs.

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Working Papers | 1987

Wage Differentials Between Sexes in India - An Explanation

Ravindra H. Dholakia

Persistent wage differential between male and female workers in any economy is generally sought to be explained by the hypotheses of job-discrimination or sex-discrimination. In the conditions prevalent in the Indian labor market, these two hypotheses do not appear to be convincing. Alternatively, labor market imperfection and segmentation of labor market into male and female labor with distinct supply characteristics are considered to be the main factors behind the wage differential between the sexes. It is the profit maximizing behavior of the wage discriminating monopsonists rather than personal preferences and prejudices of employers against females that gives rise to the persistent wage differential between equally skilled and experienced men and women workers. If such an explanation is accepted, then the policy prescriptions for tackling the male-female wage differentials are totally different from the ones based on the hypotheses of job discrimination and sex-discrimination.

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Working Papers | 1987

Managing Access, Assurance and Ability: What Should Rural Development Managers Learn and Unlearn?

Anil K. Gupta

Training of rural development managers has attracted considerable attention in the recent past in light of the drive in the Central Government for upgrading the professional skills of development managers. However, the thrust is either training people at the lower levels or sending senior managers including public servants abroad. The relationship between political economy, socio-ecological context and the training pedagogy have neither been systematically analyzed nor pursued. The paper makes a case for building upon experiential knowledge of the rural development managers and suggest alternative training approaches which can demystify the expert knowledge and at the same time provide a basis for greater collegiality between trainer and trainees. The match between theory and practice will also improve if further refinements in the methodology suggested here is attempted. Need for innovations in designing curricula and training strategies for senior as well as junior level of development bureaucracy cannot be over-emphasized. It is strongly suggested that top bureaucracy in the central and state government as well as public corporations, banks etc. need far more training to modify their perceptions of the problem and likely solutions than the middle managers. Likewise the last level of functionaries also need much greater attention. Excessive emphasize on training middle managers is bound to prove counterproductive. The paper is eidted into four parts. In part one the conceptual framework link space, season, sector and social stratification besides access, assurance and ability are discussed. In part two the issues which have arisen during various training programmes in which administrators were asked to share their dilemma are given. Part three includes review of rural development training programmes in some of the institutions and finally alternative approaches for future training strategies are given in part four.

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Working Papers | 1987

A Generalization of the Nash Bargaining Solution in Two Person Co-Operative Games

Lahiri Somdeb

Existence and characterization of a generalized bargaining solution incorporating preferential treatment is discussed. Similar results pertaining to variable reference point games are motivated.

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Working Papers | 1987

Technology for Dry Farming: How Do the Scientists, Students & Farmers View the Challenge?

Anil K. Gupta

An exploratory study of scientific goal setting in dry farming areas was pursued during 1985. The post-graduate students as well as scientists engaged in dry farming research from a North Indian agricultural university and its regional station were interviewed besides the scientists from All India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad. The farmers operating in the hinterland of the university as well as regional station were also contacted to contrast their perception with that of the scientists. Perception of scientists regarding indigenous technology developed by the farmers was studied to understand the match or mis-match existing between their perception vis-à-vis that of the farmers. The post-graduate research pursed in different universities during 1973 to 1983 in five disciplines viz., Agronomy, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Economics, Extension and Sociology was analyzed to understand the type of the skills which are being built up for facing the challenge of 21st century. The policy implications for making dry farming research more attractive for the post-graduate students and the concerned scientists have been given. The need for restructuring the approach to dry farming research management has been underlined. The contribution of ecological variables as distinct from economic variables in the choice of technology by the farmers have also been studied.

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Working Papers | 1987

A Note on the Second Order Conditions for Isoperimetric Problems in Dynamic Optimization

Lahiri Somdeb

In this paper we obtain a clear statement of the second order necessary condition for isoperimetric problems in dynamic optimization.

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Working Papers | 1987

A New Proof of the Maximum Principle in Optimal Control Theory

Lahiri Somdeb

A new proof of the maximum principle is established in this paper, for the simplest problem in optimal control theory.

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Working Papers | 1987

Role of Women in Risk Adjustment in Drought Prone Regions

Anil K. Gupta, Yugandhar Mandavkar, Amin Surekha, and Shah Rekha N

Households strategies for adjustment with risks is an understudied subject, in general but role of women in this regard has remained particularly neglected. Author had taken up a comprehensive study of Impoverishment in Drought Prone Regions in collaborations with Swiss Dev Corporation and NABARD during 1981 in a drought prone district (Ahmednagar) of Maharashtra. The purpose was to identify the policy options for rural credit for drought prone regions. Subsequently during 1985-86, some of the women member of the households were revisited to understand the changes if any in terms of repertoire of the risk adjustment strategies. The paper summarizes some of the ways in which rural women contribute towards risk adjustment with special reference to the problems of credit. This is a preliminary draft and a more comprehensive study will be separately brought out.

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Working Papers | 1987

Priority Areas for Research in the Operations of Small Enterprises

Srivastava Uma Kant

Failure and sickness of small venture during project cycle has received very little attention by the developmental institutions, specialized research institutions and management specialists. Failure and sickness is caused due to problems in pre-operative and operative phases of a project. In operative phase, which broadly could be considered as project pre-planning and implementation phase, internal and external factors cause delay in project implementation. Delay in implementation often seriously jeopardizes the financial viability of the project right from the initial stage. Major problems in operative phase include faulty project formulation and implementation, non-availability of raw materials, poor financial management, training and retraining of manpower, marketing problems and technical problems associated with production. Survey research and case research are important methods of research in small ventures. Survey research is not only time consuming but also does not provide insight at micro-level into the reasons, which lead to failure and sickness in small ventures. Case researches of selected small enterprises from various regions of the country can be an extremely effective tool for generating the required understanding of small business. It is desirable that major specialized research institutes should take the lead in generating ideas and providing regional and state levels should pool the researches and share the funding with each other.

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Working Papers | 1987

Considerations in Evolving a Comprehensive Leasing Policy for Inland Waterbodies for Fish Production

Srivastava Uma Kant

Inland fishery resources can be classified in terms of rivers, fresh water ponds, reservoirs and brackish water bodies (ponds for culture, term's farms for capture/filtration, lakes, swamps and estuaries). Some States have made an attempt to license the river stretches to the fishermen for a small fee but in view of the declining catches from the reverie resources, it is doubtful whether reverie fishermen in Gujarat can be made to pay anything. There is, however, a need for conservation of fish breeding and genetic resources in the reverie sector. The question of lease/royalty is important for the other three sub-systems of inland sector i.e. fresh water ponds, reservoirs and brackish water water-bodies. This paper is designed to highlight some of the critical elements in decision-making about the leasing of these water-bodies. The paper makes recommendations for the lease duration, rent and institutional support for each of the inland fishery sub-systems.

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