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3848 items in total found

Journal Articles | 2022

The impact of social reputation features in innovation tournaments: Evidence from a natural experiment

Swanand J. Deodhar and Samrat Gupta

Information Systems Research

This study examines how a change in an online reputation system, specifically the addition of a social reputation feature, affects contestant performance in innovation tournaments. Drawing from the literature on peer recognition and social evaluation anxiety, we project competing effects whereby the feature could either enhance or diminish contestant performance. Furthermore, we hypothesize a series of contingent effects involving the soft reserve, a competitive dynamic that unfolds in tournaments, and a determinant of performance in its own right. Specifically, we hypothesize that the direct influence of the social reputation feature on contestant performance would be predicated on the level of two types of soft reserves in an innovation tournament: that created by the focal contestant and that created by competitors. We test these hypotheses leveraging a natural experiment, where an innovation tournament platform (Kaggle.com) introduced a social reputation feature, allowing contestants to follow other contestants unilaterally. Estimates obtained using a panel data set bracketed within a narrow time window (15 days) around the feature launch reveal that the feature significantly improves the performance. We further report that the two types of soft reserves significantly moderate the positive effect of the social reputation feature on contestant performance, whereby the higher the soft reserve, the weaker the effect of the social reputation feature on contestant performance. These findings have several theoretical and practical implications for managing innovation tournaments.

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Journal Articles | 2022

How Do MNEs and Domestic Firms Respond Locally to a Global Demand Shock? Evidence from a Pandemic

Arzi Adbi, Chirantan Chatterjee, and Anant Mishra

Management Science

Global shocks bring unanticipated changes in the business environment of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) and rival domestic firms. We examine whether there is a difference between how MNEs and domestic firms react in heterogeneous local or subnational markets to a global demand shock. Leveraging the 2009–2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic as a source of exogenous variation in global demand for influenza vaccines, we investigate the role of subnational heterogeneity in economic resources, industry infrastructure, and political alignment within an emerging economy on the behavior of incumbent MNEs and rival domestic firms. We find that following the pandemic, MNE market share in the influenza vaccine market relative to the noninfluenza vaccine markets declines more in regions with lower government health spending per capita and also, in regions unaligned with the federal government. Additional analyses suggest that these changes in market share are not caused by a reduction in MNE revenues. Rather, they are caused by domestic firms that were already present in noninfluenza vaccine markets diversifying by entering the highly related influenza vaccine market. Finally, a granular examination of the differential responses reveals that such responses are not related to preshock differences in regional coverage of MNEs and domestic firms. This study contributes to the extant literature by suggesting that the direct costs or opportunity costs of new market and region entry are relatively greater for MNEs than for domestic firms, particularly in regions that have inadequate health infrastructure and are politically not aligned.

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Journal Articles | 2022

Women directors in corporate India, c. 1920–2019

Chinmay Tumbe

Business History

This paper provides a historical background of women’s representation on Indian corporate boards. It studies directory lists for benchmark years of the past century and other sources, to ascertain the trends and challenges over time. Women directors comprised less than 1% of all directors in the 200 leading firms of India until the 1990s, after which the share rose to 2% by 2000 and 5% in 2010. Due to a regulatory push in 2013, women’s representation on the boards of listed firms rose above 16% in 2019. The sharp reduction in board interlocks over time and the rise of public sector units, especially in banking, are some of the factors highlighted in bringing about more gender diversity in Indian corporate boardrooms before 2013. However, the principal mechanism through which women entered corporate boardrooms in India was through family ties, bound within specific castes and communities.

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Journal Articles | 2022

Neither complements nor substitutes: Examining the case for coalignment of contract-based and relation-based alliance governance mechanisms in coopetition contexts

Rajnish Rai and Mitul Surana

Long Range Planning

Although the extant literature recognizes that the contract-based and relation-based alliance governance mechanisms (AGMs) play a significant role in the success of alliances, the nature of their interplay still remains ambiguous. In this study, we move away from the traditional debate between contract- and relation-based AGMs as substitutes versus complements. Instead, we offer the notion of “fit” or the “coalignment” as a more appropriate frame to explain the interplay between contract- and relation-based AGMs in the coopetition context. We conceptualize ‘Coalignment of Alliance Governance Mechanisms’ (CAGM) as a distinct higher-order construct and outline a methodological orientation to estimate the coalignment of the two forms of AGMs. We conduct a longitudinal study using primary data from 320 matched coopetition alliances in high-technology research-intensive sectors in India and find that the CAGM explains better the impact of governance mechanisms on value creation in coopetition alliances.

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Journal Articles | 2022

SEntFiN 1.0: Entity-aware sentiment analysis for financial news

Ankur Sinha, Satishwar Kedas, Rishu Kumar, and Pekka Malo

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology

Fine-grained financial sentiment analysis on news headlines is a challenging task requiring human-annotated datasets to achieve high performance. Limited studies have tried to address the sentiment extraction task in a setting where multiple entities are present in a news headline. In an effort to further research in this area, we make publicly available SEntFiN 1.0, a human-annotated dataset of 10,753 news headlines with entity-sentiment annotations, of which 2,847 headlines contain multiple entities, often with conflicting sentiments. We augment our dataset with a database of over 1,000 financial entities and their various representations in news media amounting to over 5,000 phrases. We propose a framework that enables the extraction of entity-relevant sentiments using a feature-based approach rather than an expression-based approach. For sentiment extraction, we utilize 12 different learning schemes utilizing lexicon-based and pretrained sentence representations and five classification approaches. Our experiments indicate that lexicon-based N-gram ensembles are above par with pretrained word embedding schemes such as GloVe. Overall, RoBERTa and finBERT (domain-specific BERT) achieve the highest average accuracy of 94.29% and F1-score of 93.27%. Further, using over 210,000 entity-sentiment predictions, we validate the economic effect of sentiments on aggregate market movements over a long duration.

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Journal Articles | 2022

Complexity in a multinational enterprise’s global supply chain and its international business performance: A bane or a boon?

Amalesh Sharma, V. Kumar, Sourav Bikash Borah, and Anirban Adhikary

Journal of International Business Studies

The literature on marketing, operations management, and strategy has investigated the impacts of a firm’s supplier network structure and complexity on its financial, environmental, and innovation performance. However, our understanding of how the global supply chain complexities of a multinational enterprise (MNE) affect its international business performance (IBP) is limited. We draw on both the business network theory and information search literature to propose that the various complexity dimensions (e.g., horizontal, vertical, and spatial) of an MNE’s global supply chain have different influences on its subsequent IBP. We argue – and empirically validate – that collaboration, a network orchestration mechanism, enables an MNE to leverage the benefits of complex relationships. Using a dataset of 185 firms taken from multiple industries over 6 years, we show how such complexities have differential effects. In multiple post hoc analyses, we demonstrate how an MNE’s marketing intensity, the interconnectedness among its supply members, and its top management team (TMT)’s international experience all have unique impacts. This study contributes to the existing literature on global supply chain complexity by demonstrating how it can influence MNEs’ IBP. Moreover, we contribute to the strategic IBP literature by outlining effective global supply chain improvement strategies.

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Journal Articles | 2022

Reshaping adolescents’ gender attitudes: Evidence from a school-based experiment in India

Diva Dhar, Tarun Jain, and Seema Jayachandran

American Economic Review

This paper evaluates an intervention in India that engaged adolescent girls and boys in classroom discussions about gender equality for two years, aiming to reduce their support for societal norms that restrict women's and girls' opportunities. Using a randomized controlled trial, we find that the program made attitudes more supportive of gender equality by 0.18 standard deviations, or, equivalently, converted 16 percent of regressive attitudes. When we resurveyed study participants two years after the intervention had ended, the effects had persisted. The program also led to more gender-equal self-reported behavior, and we find weak evidence that it affected two revealed-preference measures.

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Journal Articles | 2022

First-generation and continuing-generation college graduates’ application, acceptance, and matriculation to US medical schools: A national cohort study.

Hyacinth RC Mason, Ashar Ata, Mytien Nguyen, Sunny Nakae, Devasmita Chakraverty, Branden Eggan, Sarah Martinez, and Donna B. Jeffe

Medical Education Online

Many U.S. medical schools conduct holistic review of applicants to enhance the socioeconomic and experiential diversity of the physician workforce. The authors examined the role of first-generation college-graduate status on U.S. medical school application, acceptance, and matriculation, hypothesizing that first-generation (vs. continuing-generation) college graduates would be less likely to apply and gain acceptance to medical school.Secondary analysis of de-identified data from a retrospective national-cohort study was conducted for individuals who completed the 2001–2006 Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Pre-Medical College Admission Test Questionnaire (PMQ) and the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT). AAMC provided medical school application, acceptance, and matriculation data through 06/09/2013. Multivariable logistic regression models identified demographic, academic, and experiential variables independently associated with each outcome and differences between first-generation and continuing-generation students. Of 262,813 PMQ respondents, 211,216 (80.4%) MCAT examinees had complete data for analysis and 24.8% self-identified as first-generation college graduates. Of these, 142,847 (67.6%) applied to U.S. MD-degree-granting medical schools, of whom 86,486 (60.5%) were accepted, including 14,708 (17.0%) first-generation graduates; 84,844 (98.1%) acceptees matriculated. Adjusting for all variables, first-generation (vs. continuing-generation) college graduates were less likely to apply (odds ratio [aOR] 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82–0.86) and be accepted (aOR 0.86; 95% CI, 0.83–0.88) to medical school; accepted first-generation college graduates were as likely as their continuing-generation peers to matriculate. Students with (vs. without) paid work experience outside hospitals/labs/clinics were less likely to apply, be accepted, and matriculate into medical school. Increased efforts to mitigate structural socioeconomic vulnerabilities that may prevent first-generation college students from applying to medical school are needed. Expanded use of holistic review admissions practices may help decision makers value the strengths first-generation college graduates and other underrepresented applicants bring to medical educationand the physician workforce.

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Journal Articles | 2022

From fear to courage: Indian lesbians’ and gays’ quest for Inclusive ethical organizations

Ernesto Noronha, Nidhi S. Bisht, and Premilla D’Cruz

Journal of Business Ethics

This paper focusses on the experiences of Indian lesbians and gays (LGs) who are subjected to unethical acts of workplace bullying which get manifested through constant guesswork, comments and questioning about their sexual identity in the hostile Indian context. Given this, LG participants usually opt for secrecy and lead a double life, using ‘passing’ and ‘covering’ strategies to manage economic, social and psychological risks. Nonetheless, this paper rewrites the negative tenor of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transexuals research by underscoring how LG participants move from fear to courage in their endeavour to live authentic lives while considering the broader organizational and social context. We argue that their courage is manifested mainly through deliberate micro-disclosures and a sense of defiance which can be enhanced if organizations are designed to be more inclusive and ethical. Consequently, participants defined inclusive ethical organizations as having conducive environments with trustworthy, supportive, secure, fair, unbiased and safe non-discriminatory policies open to the idea of diverse sexual orientations. Our findings point to the fact that, first and foremost, organizations must be crafted and sustained to be courageous within a hostile social climate, for employees to overcome their fears.

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Journal Articles | 2022

A cultural impostor? Native American experiences of impostor phenomenon in STEM

Devasmita Chakraverty

CBE- Life Sciences Education

Using a framework of colonization in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), this U.S.-based study examined how seven Native American PhD students/postdoctoral scholars experienced impostor phenomenon. Participants were identified/contacted at a national conference on minorities in STEM through purposeful sampling. Surveys computed impostor phenomenon scores on a validated scale, while interviews documented how identity and culture contributed to impostor phenomenon in academia. Using a phenomenological approach, interviews were analyzed inductively using a constant comparative method. Surveys scores indicated high to intense impostor phenomenon. Interviews with the same participants further identified the following aspects of impostor phenomenon in relation to their minoritized identity: cultural differences and lack of understanding of Indigenous culture, lack of critical mass and fear of standing out, academic environment, family background and upbringing, and looks and diversity status. Developing a diverse and culturally competent STEM workforce requires a deeper understanding of what deters Native American individuals from pursuing a STEM career. They have the lowest college enrollment and retention rates compared with any race in the United States and could be vulnerable to racial bias and discrimination. Understanding impostor phenomenon through culturally relevant experiences would be crucial to broaden participation in STEM careers.

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IIMA