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3721 items in total found

Journal Articles | 2019

Did India's price policy for coronary stents create unintended consequences?

Sarang Deo, Hanu Tyagi, Chirantan Chatterjee, and Himasagar Molakapuri

Social Science & Medicine

In February 2017, India capped the retail price of coronary stents and restricted the channel margin to bring Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) procedure, which uses coronary stents, within reach of millions of patients who previously could not afford it. Prior research shows that care providers respond to such regulations in a way that compensates for their loss in profits because of price control. Therefore, price control policies often introduce unintended consequences, such as distortions in clinical decision making. We investigate such distortions through empirical analysis of claims data from a representative public insurance program in the Indian state of Karnataka. Our data comprises 25,769 insurance claims from 69 private and seven public hospitals from February 2016 to February 2018. The public insurance context is ideal for investigating distortions in clinical decisions as the price paid by patients, and thereby access to the treatment, does not change after price control. We find that the change in the average volume of PTCA procedures per hospital per month after price control disproportionately increased when compared to the change in the clinical alternative – Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) procedures. This increase corresponds to 6% of the average number of PTCA procedures and 28% of the average number of CABG procedures before the price control. In addition, disproportionate increase in PTCA procedures occurred only among private hospitals, indicating the possibility of profit-maximization intentions driving the clinical choices. Such clinical distortions can have negative implications for patient health outcomes in the long run. We discuss alternative policies to improve access and affordability to healthcare products and services which are likely to not suffer from similar distortions.

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Journal Articles | 2019

The Punjab National Bank scam: Ethics versus robust processes

Sundaravalli Narayanaswami, Kaushik Dora Hanumantu, and Vidula Worlikar

Journal of Public Affairs

With the rising incidents of corporate scams, it has become imperative to lift the corporate veil to unearth the reasons behind them. As a result, it is of paramount importance to examine the formation of the companies entering into the contract—the executives, directors, and top management. A large-scale scam hit the Punjab National Bank (PNB) in India recently with huge implications on its financial position and credibility. It is inferred through this work that violation of checks and balances led to the huge scam. Following this scam, several banks have initiated measures to prevent and early detect such manipulative practices. Banks have incorporated stringent verification of all stakeholders involved in any transaction and do not completely rely anymore on the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications system. The Reserve Bank of India, as the apex governing body of all banking agencies in India, has also started taking measures to ensure that monitoring and control mechanisms are strong and robust. Finally, we present the way forward to prevent malpractices in the corporate world and the ethical implications in the society. Although any organization, especially, a public service organization does not allow any perpetrators into its systems, loopholes might exist that its internal or external stakeholders take advantage of. While emphasizing the needs for robust monitoring and audit processes to prevent violation by perpetrators, it is interesting to note that the same monitoring processes have brought out the scam to open for legal scrutiny, specifically at PNB.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Spirituality at workplace: As seen by Indian managers

Sunil Maheshwari and Rama Shankar Yadav

Indian Journal of Industrial Relations

The purpose of this article is to explore how spirituality is perceived by the managers in India.Thus, attributes of spiritual individuals and its impact at workplace are also explored. Qualitative thematic analysisof thirty in depth interviews was done to generate the unique Indian perspective on workplace spirituality. The participants in the interview process were full time managers of various Indian organizations holding positions like Vice President HR, Senior Manager HR etc. The major findings of the qualitative interviews were that workplace spirituality is a belief in sacred power which guides towards the ethical path. It helps in nurturing a positive, peaceful and compassionate environment at workplace.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Reforming agricultural markets in India: A tale of two model Acts

Sukhpal Singh

Economic & Political Weekly

The union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare had prescribed a model Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee Act in 2003. The state-level adoption of the act has been tardy and varied in terms of both the magnitude and content of agricultural market reforms. Yet, the ministry under the current central government has come up with another model act, the Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2017, supposedly an improvement over the 2003 act. Among other things, the provision that has grabbed much attention is the removal of contract farming from the APMC domain to a separate model act of Agricultural Produce and Livestock Contract Farming and Services (Promotion and Facilitation). Analysing these draft acts, the paper finds that both the model acts suffer from serious conceptual lacunae that have implications for their application and governance, and, consequently, for inclusive and sustainable agricultural development.

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Journal Articles | 2019

The geography of medical travel in India: Differences across states, and the urban-rural divide

Sandip Chakrabarti and Aruna Divya T

Applied Geography

There is a large body of literature exploring spatial disparity in access to healthcare services, and the resultant geographic inequality in the demand for medical travel. We are, however, unaware of any such study conducted in India in the past. The transportation implications of inequitable healthcare access, therefore, remains unknown to Indian planners and policymakers. We use a unique dataset, the 2014–15 Domestic Tourism Expenditure survey conducted by the National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, to address this critical gap in the literature. We use trip-making information of 42,547 persons (13,525 urban and 29,022 rural residents) belonging to 28 Indian states in order to analyze the variation in individuals' medical trip destination choice, on average, across states. We analyze overnight trips (i.e., trips involving at least one night stay away from home) made for medical purposes only. Specifically, we isolate and compare the independent influence of state of residence (i.e., the state-effect) on residents' choice of within-district and out-of-state medical care location, after controlling for various personal and household factors that also govern choice. Additionally, we select a sub-sample of individuals who made out-of-state medical trips, and analyze state-level differences in the likelihood of long or >1500 km (vs. short or ≤1500 km) distance medical travel. We analyze urban and rural residents separately, and estimate a pooled model to explore intra-state urban-rural differences in medical trip destination choice. Our analyses reveal significant variation in urban and rural residents' destination choice for medical trips across India's states. We also find within-state urban-rural differences in destination choice to vary significantly across states. Our analysis provides new information on the geography of medical travel in India, underscoring the need for further research on the causes and consequences of the geographic disparity in healthcare access, and targeted action to improve healthcare access equitably across states. We expect our paper to stimulate further research to guide national and state health and transportation policies in India.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Payment methods and their effect on durable goods replacement

Aruna Divya T and Kanchan Mukherjee

Journal of Consumer Marketing

Purpose

Unlike point of purchase behavior, not much is known about how payment method impacts post-purchase behavior, especially for durable goods where user experience can last over long periods. The purpose of this paper is to link two strands of literature for the first time by uncovering systematic linkages between the payment method (upfront cash vs loan) used for purchase of durable goods and the replacement timings for the same.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors predict that cash purchases are more likely to have shorter replacement horizons compared to loan purchases and propose a psychological mechanism that accounts for the same. Their arguments are based on how the strength of coupling, which is the degree of psychological association between payment and consumption, depends on the payment method and differentially influences the consumption experience and consequently leads to different replacement horizons. They conduct a field study to test their predictions and find support for their model.

Findings

The authors find that individuals who financed their durable goods purchases using loan, expressed their intentions to replace the goods after longer period than those who financed their durable goods with cash down payment. As loan installments remind people of painful thoughts of payment, they tend to reduce the dissonance by positively evaluating both retrospective and anticipated usage experiences. This dissonance reduction mechanism eventually leads to reduced willingness to let go of the durable.

Practical implications

Marketers are faced with a tradeoff between increasing purchase likelihood versus ensuring long-term post-purchase satisfaction. In this paper, the authors uncover the psychological mechanisms that can explain how payment method chosen to pay for a durable can have direct effect on post-purchase consumption experiences and subsequently in the replacement intentions. This finding is crucial for marketers who are interested in planning the product line launches and other post-purchase engagement strategies such as buy-back scheme and upgrades.

Social implications

Understanding the psychological mechanisms that explain individual’s likelihood to replace their durable goods allows policymakers to design appropriate interventions to induce more sustainable and efficient use of durable goods in the market. While on one hand, marketers might be interested in increasing sales of their product line by inducing faster replacement of older product versions, environmentalists nudge towards the opposite. This paper provides a possible way to achieve the dual objectives.

Originality/value

While past research on downstream effects of payment methods on behavioral outcomes focused only on consumables, the authors focus on durable goods. Further, they identify the effect of payment method on both psychological and behavioral outcomes.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Framework for sustainable maintenance system: ISM fuzzy MICMAC and TOPSIS approach

Rajesh Kumar Singh and Ayush Gupta (FPM)

Annals of Operations Research

Due to the increasing complexity of manufacturing processes and automation, maintenance of all machines and equipments has become challenging task for production managers today. Due to lack of sensitivity for maintenance, share of maintenance cost in total product cost is also increasing along with decreased productivity. Organizations are either quite slow or getting failed in updating their maintenance systems with time. Keeping in view the importance of maintenance in today’s context, this study has tried to develop a framework for a sustainable maintenance system for manufacturing organizations. Usually organizations are not able to identify critical factors for effective maintenance. Therefore, in this context, the study has identified fourteen factors for the effective maintenance management from the literature review. Some of these factors are process oriented and some are result oriented. Interpretive structural modeling approach is applied for the development of structural relationship among the factors from a strategic perspective. Fuzzy MICMAC analysis is then carried out to categorize these factors based on their driving and dependence value. Further to prioritise major driving factors, Technique for order preferences by similarity of an ideal solution approach has been also applied. It is observed that top management support and commitment, strategic planning and implementation, continuous upgradation of maintenance system to reduce manufacturing lead time and cost are major factors to ensure the sustainable competitive advantage.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Broker imposed precarity of Indian technical immigrants

Shrihari S. Sohani andBiju Varkkey

Industrial Relations Journal

The primary purpose of this article is to investigate the labour supply chain of Indian technical immigrants in the United States. The two important findings that emerge are as follows: First, the study unearths a latent phenomenon of broker-induced precarity that results from the labour supply chain and explores how aspirational jobs are becoming precarious ones. Second, the study provides a foundation for devising policies and interventions to make the process of the labour supply chain less detrimental to the Indian technical immigrants. This article draws on a seven-month-long field-based qualitative study and ensures a meticulous triangulation of the findings through an analysis of archival data and actual artefacts related to manpower movement across the labour supply chain.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Design, modeling, and analysis of vertical robotic storage and retrieval systems

Debjit Roy, Kaveh Azadeh, and Rene De Koster

Transportation Science

Autonomous vehicle-based storage and retrieval systems are commonly used in many fulfillment centers (e.g., e-commerce warehouses), because they allow a high- and flexible-throughput capacity. In these systems, roaming robots transport loads between a storage location and a workstation. Two main variants exist: horizontal, where the robots only move horizontally and use lifts for vertical transport, and a new variant vertical, where the robots can also travel vertically in the rack. This paper builds a framework to analyze the performance of the vertical system and compare its throughput capacity with the horizontal system. We build closed queueing network models for this that, in turn, are used to optimize the design. The results show that the optimal height-to-width ratio of a vertical system is around one. Because a large number of system robots may lead to blocking and delays, we compare the effects of different robot blocking protocols on the system throughput: robot Recirculation and Wait-on-Spot. The Wait-on-Spot policy produces a higher system throughput when the number of robots in the system is small. However, for a large number of robots in the system, the Recirculation policy dominates the Wait-on-Spot policy. Finally, we compare the operational costs of the vertical and horizontal transport systems. For systems with one load/unload (L/U) point, the vertical system always produces a similar or higher system throughput with a lower operating cost compared with the horizontal system with a discrete lift. It also outperforms the horizontal system with a continuous lift in systems with two L/U points.

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Journal Articles | 2019

Forefather distribution in a variant of Galton-Watson branching process.

Arnab Kumar Laha and Sumit Kumar Yadav

Stochastic Models

In this paper, we consider a variant of a discrete time Galton–Watson Branching Process in which an individual is allowed to survive for more than one (but finite) number of generations and may also give birth to offsprings more than once. We model the process using multitype branching process and derive conditions on the mean matrix that determines the long-run behavior of the process. Next, we analyze the distribution of the number of forefathers in a given generation. Here, number of forefathers of an individual is defined as all the individuals since zeroth generation who have contributed to the birth of the individual under consideration. We derive an exact expression for expected number of individuals in a given generation having a specified number of forefathers. Using this exact expression, we provide a detailed analysis for a simple illustrative case. Some interesting insights and possible applications are also discussed.

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IIMA