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2757 items in total found

Working Papers | 1976

Some Establishments in an Indian Metropolis (A Study on Employment and Labour Marketing in Bombay)

Papola T S

The small establishments engaged in trade, commerce, manufacturing and service activities constitute a crucial segment of an urban economy from the viewpoint of their magnitude, essentiality of absorbing large mass of job seekers. The present study focuses on the growth of these establishments, characteristics of their entrepreneurs and workers, employment and living conditions of the latter and the likely trends in the employment market, in the Bombay city. It is found that the employment in the small sector has increased much faster than in the large sector during the past; that most of the entrepreneurs are urban based, educated and have risen from the ranks of employees. The workers are predominantly migrants, but committed to the city and most of them are content with their jobs. They do not seem to have severely affected by the housing problem as large number of them can live at the place of work. This, however, prevents them from having their families with them. The employment conditions in the small sector suit the migrant workers and the expectations of growth in this sector are likely to attract more 'induced' migrants than the city can absorb. The unemployment rate in Bombay is, therefore, likely to rise unless the large scale activity substantially expands in the suburbs and induced migratory is brought down by better organization and dissemination of labor market information. A comprehensive labor market information scheme seems necessary both for reducing the imbalances and preventing large labor surpluses in the city.

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Working Papers | 1976

Rural Development in India: Problems and Prospects

George P S

This paper analyses the experiences of past programmes on rural development and provides a critical appraisal of the factors influencing the success of integrated rural development projects. The past programmes reviewed are (1) individual efforts prior to community development programme (2) community development programme (3) intensive agriculture district programme (4) high yielding varieties programme and (5) special development programmes such as SFDA/MFAL projects, CSRE and DPAP. The paper also analyses the basic concept behind integrated area development programmes and the problems involved in carrying out such programmes. It is argued that the success of integrated rural development programmes will depend on (1) identification of suitable activities based on local resources and comparative advantage and (2) participation of the rural community in evolving the activities.

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Working Papers | 1976

Options for the Fifth Sector: A Discussion of the Workers Sector Proposal

Khurana Rakesh and Dholakia Nikhilesh

A proposal has been put forward by the Finance Ministry to invest the accumulated funds from the impounded dearness allowance of workers in a new "Fifth Sector" characterized as the "Workers' Sector". The paper examines the avenues for investment for such a sector and discusses its likely organizational form. It is argued that both from the point of view of the requirements of the industrial structure and the needs of the workers. The proposed Fifth Sector should be concerned with low cost functional mass consumption goods. It is also emphasized that the organizational form should be a worker-owned and managed cooperative enterprise.

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Working Papers | 1976

Formal Vis-à-vis Informal Credit Supply Sources in Tribal Areas: A Case of Dharampur Taluka

Desai B M

The informal credit suppliers give credit both in cash and grain, and for any purpose. They recover credit either in cash or grain or labor. Such terms and conditions suit most to the credit users whose demand for subsistence credit is acute and who have extremely limited and even stagnant opportunities to develop their economic activities in agriculture and forests. Under such conditions, the stereotyped functions of formal credit suppliers prove thoroughly inadequate. They can rarely meet the implicit policy objective of substituting an informal credit supply source. The credit source substitution process is a decision making process of the borrowers. And it is influenced by the incremental gains perceived by them. Incremental gains are defined as opportunity gains expected to be realized as a result of substitution of one source of credit for the other. Conversely, incremental losses are defined as opportunity gains expected to be lost in this process. Under the existing terms and conditions of the two types of credit sources, the incremental gains and losses are basically affected by (a) availability of an access to grain markets, (b) availability of employment, (c) interest rates, (d) grain prices, and (e) wage rates. If interest rates alone were relevant, a family would perceive an incremental benefit of Rs. 13 on every Rs. 100 borrowed from a cooperative instead of from a trade-cum-landowner, assuming interest rates of 12% and 25% respectively. However, the other factors particularly (a) and (b), have such a dominating influence that this gain would be wiped out and the family would tend not to substitute cooperative credit for moneylender credit.

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Working Papers | 1976

Styles of Top Management and Organizational Performance

Khandwalla P N

Questionnaire responses were secured from the senior managements of 103 Canadian firms about their operating styles. The dimensions of top management style studied were risk taking, optimization, orientation, participation, structuring, and coercion. Based on cluster analysis of the data, a number of operating top management styles were identified. Several environmental and contextual variables were employed to study the contextual conditions supportive of each style. Two indices of organizational performance were employed to assess the effectiveness of these styles. One index was based on objective measures of performance, namely, profitability, stability of profitability, and growth rate. The other was based on the management perception of performance relative to rivals. Implications for the design of organizations are drawn.

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Working Papers | 1976

The Personnel Manager and Community Relations

Monappa Arun

The paper suggests an expanded role for the welfare aspect of the personnel function. The traditional practice has been to take a segmented view of the employee's being and consider only his working role. It is suggested that personnel managers involve themselves in community affairs, where the plant is located or where the employees come from, not just from the social obligation point of view, but also from the point of view of taking an integrated approach to an employee's multiple role demands.

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Working Papers | 1976

Utilizing the Rural Educated as Change Agents

Monappa Arun

Communication media like TV, Films, Radio, have generally been used to bring about changed habits in the rural areas. When the impact of this media has been analysed, suggestions have generally been made to tinker with the content or the style of presentation, or to use other media. These are external factors of change. What is being suggested is that if change is to be efficiently internalized, then it must come from an inner conviction. The rural educated, could be a useful vehicle to bring about change. They would have better personal contact with the people, know the local conditions and be able to tackle some of the problems-like family planning-on a more confidential basis, which privacy is lacking in mass campaigns. With their skill and knowledge the rural educated, living as they do in the same village, could carry greater conviction, with the various changed methods and practices, that they seek to have implemented.

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Working Papers | 1976

Psychological Maturity and Motivational Profiles of Management Students

T. V. Rao and Vijayashree P

This report presents the psychosocial maturity patterns of management students at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. Comparative data from different executive groups are also presented. Psychosocial maturity in this study was assessed on the basis of TAT stories written by the subjects using the scoring system developed by Abigail Stewart of Boston University and adopted for Indian situation by Rao. Motivational profiles of the management students were also prepared using Stern's activities index. Interrelationships between psychosocial maturity and other variables were also presented. The other groups studied include the senior managers of different companies, medical officers, medical mission sisters, potential entrepreneurs, and sales managers of an airline.

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Working Papers | 1976

Employment Generation in Panchmahals

Sambrani Shreekant

Panchmahals is a relatively backward district in east-central Gujarat. The district is susceptible to droughts frequently. As a consequence, the foodgrain production fluctuates quite significantly. The district has a sizeable population of tribals, most of whom live in agro-climatically poorer regions of the district. Even though the district has forest and mineral resources, employment offered by these activities is not significant. There is no industrialization worth the name. The district is thus resource-poor and, therefore, poverty-stricken. The tribals would appear to be the poorest among the poor. A survey of 200 households of the district conducted in 1972-73 indicated that over four-fifths of the households had incomes below the poverty mark. The position of the tribals was even worse. Their poverty is not a result of adverse climatic conditions alone. The poverty is endemic and pervasive. The poor seem to be caught in a vicious circle of poverty. Average per capita income was about 10 per cent below the poverty mark. In order to raise incomes barely to the poverty mark, the district would need 1.5 crore man-days of additional employment every year. An examination of selected labour-intensive low-investment activities such as soil conservation, well-digging and housing construction shows that an investment of between Rs 6 and 20 crores would be required to provide the needed employment. Of these, soil conservation and well-digging have on-going employment effects, which would not require any investment beyond the initial push. It is necessary to undertake a major programme to create additional employment within a short time. A gradual, phased programme, requiring an annual outlay of Rs. 1 crore would show sizeable employment gaps even after a number of years. It would take ten years to cover the present employment shortfall. The vicious circle of poverty, therefore, needs a big push to break it.

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Working Papers | 1976

Growth of Factor Inputs and Total Factor Productivity in Public Sector Enterprises in India

Dholakia Bakul H

This study makes an attempt to examine the trend in Total Factor Productivity in the public sector enterprises by estimating and analyzing the contributions made by major factor inputs to the growth rate of not product originating in the public enterprises. It is divided into six sectors. After introducing the problem in the first section, the next three sections deal mainly with the estimation and analysis of the required time series of output, capital and labor respectively for public sector enterprises. In the last two sections, the estimates of contributions made by various sources to the growth of public enterprises are presented and some of their implications are examined. The major conclusions of the study are that the overall economic efficiency of the public sector enterprises has increased at the significant rate during the period after 1960-61, and that there seems to have been a remarkable acceleration in the growth rate of total factor productivity in public enterprises during the more recent years.

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