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Working Papers | 2014

Betting Against Beta in the Indian Market

Sobhesh Kumar Agarwalla, Joshy Jacob, Jayanth R. Varma, and Ellapulli Vasudevan

Recent empirical evidence from different markets suggests that the security market line is flatter
than posited by CAPM. This flatness implies that a portfolio long in low-beta assets and short in high-beta assets would earn positive returns. Frazzini and Pedersen (2014) conceptualize a BAB factor that tracks such a portfolio. We find that a similar BAB factor earns significant positive returns in India. The returns on the BAB factor dominate the returns on the size, value and momentum factors. We also nd that stocks with higher volatility earn relatively lower returns. These findings indicate overweighting of riskier assets by leverage constrained investors in the Indian market.

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Working Papers | 2014

Strengthening Corporate Governance in India A Review of Legislative and Regulatory Initiatives in 2013-14

Bala N. Balasubramanian

The passing of the long awaited Companies Act in 2013 is probably the single most important development in India's history of corporate legislation, next only to the monumental Companies Act 1956 which it replaces. While significant improvements have been effected in required standards of corporate governance, there is also some concern regarding overly increasing compliance and regulatory costs and efforts for companies as well as their independent directors. Among the major provisions of the Act are those of restraining voting rights of interested shareholders on related party transactions, recognition of board accountability to stakeholders besides shareholders, and extension of several good governance requirements to relatively large unlisted corporations. The author (Adjunct Professor at the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and Founding and former Chairman, and Advisor of the Centre for Corporate Governance and Citizenship at the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore) acknowledges with gratitude the very helpful comments and suggestions of Afra Afsharipour, Sharad Abhyankar and Nawshir Mirza.

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Working Papers | 2014

An efficient heuristic for the multi-product satiating newsboy problem

Avijit Khanra

Preference of satiation of a target performance over maximization of expected performance
in uncertain situations is well-documented in the economics literature. However, the newsboy
problem with satiation (of a prot target) objective has not received its due attention.
In the multi-product setting, solution methods available in the literature are inecient.
We developed an ecient heuristic to solve the problem. The heuristic decomposes the
multi-product problem into easily solvable single-product problems. We tested the heuristic
with a large number of test instances. The heuristic can be adopted to solve the \\target
assignment problem". We demonstrated it with some numerical examples.

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Working Papers | 2014

Database Structure for a Multi Stage Stochastic Optimization Based Decision Support System for Asset – Liability Management of a Life Insurance Company

Harish Venkatesh Rao, Goutam Dutta, and Sankarshan Basu

We introduce a stochastic optimization based decision support system (DSS) for asset-liability management of a life insurance firm using a multi-stage, stochastic optimization model. The DSS is based on a multi-stage stochastic linear program (SLP) with recourse for strategic planning. The model can be used with little or no knowledge of management sciences. The model maximizes the expected value of total reserve (policy holders' reserve and shareholders' reserve) at the end of the time period of planning. We discuss the issues related to database design structure, DSS interface design, database updating procedure, and solution reporting.

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Working Papers | 2014

Endowment Effects in Bundles

Swati Dutta, Jyoti Prasad Mukhopadhyay, and Viswanath Pingali

Behavioral experiments conducted so far to establish existence of endowment effect as propounded by prospect theorists typically endow subjects with a single good. In this paper we depart from this setting by giving subjects initial endowment bundles which consist of two goods: chocolates and pens and directly pit neo-classical theory against prospect theory by comparing divergence between willingness to pay (WTA) and willingness to accept (WTP). Using a novel experimental setting we examine the difference in such divergence for a group that is given physical bundles as endowment vis-à-vis a group which is asked to imagine the same initial endowment bundle in their possession. We find weak evidence of endowment effect. Moreover, we examine how endowment effect of a good changes when units of the other good in initial endowment bundle change. We find no statistically significant evidence of endowment effect of a good being sensitive to the number of units of the other good in initial endowment bundle.

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Working Papers | 2014

What Determines Performance Gap Index of
Healthcare in Gujarat?

Shreekant Iyengar and Ravindra H. Dholakia

Health performance of Gujarat viewed in terms of the Human Development Index (HDI) portrays it as a medium performer in the country. However, the index of health component for Gujarat is found to be positively contributing to the HDI ranking of the state. It is, therefore, crucial to review the status of health performance of Gujarat among the other states for improving its relative standing in human development. In this context the present paper attempts to identify the gaps in performance of the health related outcome, output and input indicators from the best performers in each indicator. Moreover, the paper also reviews the trends in health performance of Gujarat over time and also estimates the effectiveness of the state in converting its health inputs to outputs and outputs to outcomes. The results indicate that the outcome indicators have improved in the absolute sense but have high performance gaps except the maternal mortality rate (MMR). Majority of the output and input indicators, however, show poor absolute performance and high performance gaps that have been expanding over time. The effectiveness of conversion of health indicators in Gujarat suggests that while the state has moved above average in conversion of outputs into outcomes, it has moved at a slightly below average level in converting its inputs to outputs over time. Improving the health status of Gujarat requires targeted efforts in specific areas such as controlling neo-natal deaths, improving coverage of children under immunization and address malnourishment. Additionally, building adequate health infrastructure and employing required manpower are also relevant.

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Working Papers | 2014

Hub-based Network Analysis and Change in the US Air Transport System (ATS)

Hans Huber

The US has been a pioneer w.r.t. the modern hub-and-spoke (HS) system which found near unequivocal support among aviation scholars over the last few decades. The author takes a more critical approach with regards to the central role that hub airports play within the ATS, particularly when assessing operational decisions that in effect may lead to highly skewed traffic distributions and increasing spatial concentration of air traffic. The behavior of airlines to organize traffic around central airports can be evaluated more meaningfully by differentiating for their constituent route-structures and comparing these ensembles for the largest airports in the entire system. A new understanding of behavior and evolution of the ATS as an aggregate of hub-driven networks can be obtained and alternative HS structures be compared. Our understanding of the scope of feasible hub strategies may expand beyond conventional strategies of 'consolidation' versus 'de-hubbing' and their impact on the overall ATS may plausibly be shown.

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Working Papers | 2014

Ethics Statements on Websites of Indian Companies

Meenakshi Sharma

This paper examines the corporate code of ethics of Indian companies as displayed on their websites. With the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) having made it mandatory for listed companies to frame a code of conduct and to place it on their websites, the question arises whether corporations are doing so merely as a requirement or whether they seem to be using it to make the best impact on the general public through the powerful mass medium of the internet. The official website of a company is its face to the wider world, including and beyond its various stakeholders, and it would thus be expected that companies would be keen to use this medium to present their formulated codes to project their image as ethically strong and transparent entities.

The codes of 60 top Indian companies displayed on their websites were studied for location of ethics statements, and the readability of these was calculated using the Flesch reading ease and Flesch-Kincaid grade level scores. The implication from the findings is that companies have the opportunity to present their ethical position with greater care on readability so that the material is comprehensible to a larger set of the public. In terms of layout too, the ethics codes could be made more easily accessible. More care also needs to go into framing of ethics statements as values-based rather than rule-based. This would help not only fulfil a mandatory requirement but also in articulating a unique identity for internal stakeholders to embrace, and for building a distinct image among competitors, in the public mind.

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Working Papers | 2014

A Multi-Period Two Stage Stochastic Programming Based Decision Support System for Strategic Planning in Process Industries: A Case of an Integrated Iron and Steel Company

Narain Gupta, Goutam Dutta, and Robert Fourer

The paper introduces the application of a generic, multiple period, two stage stochastic programming based Decision Support System (DSS) in an integrated steel company. We demonstrate that a generic, user friendly stochastic optimization based DSS can be used for planning in a probabilistic demand situation. We conduct a set of experiments based on the stochastic variability of the demand of finished steel. A two stage stochastic programming with recourse model is implemented in the DSS, and tested with real data from a steel company in North America. This application demonstrates the need for stochastic optimization in the process industry. The value of stochastic solution resulted from the implementation of steel company real data in the DSS is 1.61%.

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Working Papers | 2014

Cause Related Marketing - An Indian Overview

Sonal Kureshi and Sujo Thomas

The Indian market has witnessed all types of organizations ranging from national to multinational to regional as well as local adopting cause related marketing (CRM) practice since the late nineties. They started partnering with non-profit organizations linking brands to social cause. The main focus of this study was to provide insights about the extent and nature of CRM prevalent in the Indian market. This study was motivated by the fact that very little data pertaining to CRM practices in India was available in the academic as well as non-academic sources. This study examined various CRM initiatives that were announced during 1999 to 2012. These were identified by conducting an internet search using key word as well as visiting company and partnering organizations websites. One newspaper and one business magazine for those years were scanned. Only those CRM activities were included which satisfied definitions provided by Varadarajan and Menon (1988) or Kotler and Lee (2005) These initiatives were analyzed by classifying them on a variety of parameters like type of company, type of partnering organization, nature of cause, type of brand etc. 142 initiatives were recorded over 14 years. Very few regional and local organizations seem to have adopted using CRM as a marketing practice. Non-durable essential brand like salt and tea were found to be using CRM more than other categories. More work in this area which investigates consumer insights about CRM would be enhance effectiveness of such programs.

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