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Working Papers | 1999

A Note on Numerical Representations of Quasi-Transitive Binary Relations

Lahiri Somdeb

A Binary relation is said to be quasi-transitive if its asymmetric part is transitive. A binary relation is said to be a weak-order if it is reflexive, complete and transitive. One may refer to Frensh [1986] for a synopsis of these and similar definitions. An easy consequence of the result in Donaldson and Weymark [1998], which states that, any binary relation which is reflexive, complete and quasi-transitive can be expressed as an intersection of weak orders, is the result (which for a finite domain may be traced back to Aizerman and Malishevsky [1981], [see Aizerman and Aleskerov [1995] as well]) that the asymmetric part of a quasi-transitive binary relation can be expressed as the intersection of the asymmetric parts of weak-orders. In this note we provide a new and an independent proof of this result (which is what we refer to as Theorem I in this note) considering its abiding importance in decision theory. We also, use our Theorem I to prove the well known result due to Dushnik and Miller [1941], which states that any asymmetric and transitive binary relation is the intersection of binary relations which are asymmetric, transitive and complete. Finally, we provide a new proof of the result due to Donaldson and Weymark [1998], mentioned. Our proof appears to be simpler than the one provided by them, and is established with the help of the Theorem due to Dushnik and Miller [1941].

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Working Papers | 1999

Corporate Response to Economic Reforms in India

Rakesh Basant

Recent economic liberalization in India has significantly changed the policy environment and has forced the domestic firms to review their strategies. As the situation is still evolving, the paper essentially explores changes in some key corporate strategies during the 1990s through an analytical description of available evidence. Some salient aspects of corporate strategies followed in the post-reform period are: (a) Vigorous restructuring, mainly geared towards consolidation to retain competitiveness in few chosen areas and correct the inefficiencies created by over-diversification in the pre-reform era; (b) Active participation of MNCs in the merger and acquisition process to get quick market entry and access to various complementary assets; (c) Better position of MNCs vis-à-vis domestic firms in the acquisition game because of their deep pockets and relatively cheaper access to capital; (d) Increased reliance of Indian corporate sector on foreign technology purchase (usually tied with equity) while in house technology generation has taken a backseat; (e) Increased efforts to improve manufacturing capability (especially quality upgradation) through building alliances as well as through initiatives within the firm; although these efforts may still prove to be inadequate to meet the competitive challenges; (f) Dominance of product differentiation strategy over strategies of building R&D and manufacturing capabilities and distribution and marketing related complementary assets; (g) Adoption of export based growth strategies by some of the corporate sector firms but such strategies are not widespread and exposure to the international market is still inadequate to put the Indian firms on higher growth and learning trajectories. The paper argues that the policy initiatives will need to encourage investments in R&D and complementary assets like manufacturing etc. and a rapid increase in exports. Besides cost of capital advantage of the MNCs is real and needs to be tackled squarely. Else, the Indian corporate sector may not be able to benefit from the strategic initiatives taken in recent years.

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Working Papers | 1999

Agricultural Research and Technology Transfer by the Private Sector in India

Rakesh Basant and Pray Carl E

The demand for new agricultural technology is growing in India. Since 1985 public sector investment in agricultural research in India continues to grow, but the growth rate is slowing down. With liberalization, the private sector is expected to fill the void created by slow withdrawal of the public sector. In addition, private firms can do certain activities such as commercializing and marketing new varieties more efficiently than the public sector. Thus, private sector research presents an opportunity for more growth for Asian agriculture. Along with liberalization, the new WTO regime and the major restructuring of agriculture related firms in the world have significantly changed the environment in which the Indian firms operate. It is not known how the private sector has responded to these new challenges and opportunities. This paper reviews evidence on the structure and development of the Indian agricultural sector to provide insights on the changing demand and supply conditions for agricultural input and agro-processing industries in the country. It documents the quantum and nature agricultural research and technology transfer that is going on in India to show that such activity is on the rise. Apart from other factors, the size and growth in the Indian agricultural input and food market and the liberalization of a restrictions on Indian and foreign firms that wish to invest in the food and input industries seem to have facilitated this increase. However, private sector research in agriculture is still quite inadequate and policy initiatives including those ensuring further liberalization, continued support for public research, stronger IPRs and competition policy are required to encourage it.

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Working Papers | 1999

Axiomatic Characterization of Indirect Utility and Lexicographic Extensions

Lahiri Somdeb

The general problem we are interested in this paper is of the following variety: We are given a finite universal set and a linear ordering on it. What is the minimal axiomatic characterization of particular extension of this linear ordering to the set of all non-empty subsets of the given set? In Kannal and Peleg[1984] we find the starting point of this literature, which basically asserts that if the cardinality of the universal set is six or more, then there is no weak order on the power set which extends the linear order and satisfies two properties: one due to Gardenfors and the other known as Weak Independence. This result was followed by a quick succession of possibility results in Barbera, Barret and Pattanaik [1984], Barbera and Pattanaik [1984], Fishburn [1984], Heiner and Packard [1984], Holzman [1984], Nitzan and Pattanaik [1984] and Pattanaik and Peleg[1984]. Somewhat later, Bossert [1989] established a possibility result by dropping the completeness axiom for the binary relation on the power set and otherwise using the same axioms as in Kannal and Peleg[1984]. In recent times Mallishevsky[1997] and Nehring and Puppe[1999] have addressed the problem of defining an "indirect utility preference'. Malishevsky [1997] addresses the integrability problem: given a weak order on the power set, under what conditions is it an indirect utility preference? A similar question is also addressed in Nehring and Puppe[1999]. In our framework, a binary relation on the power set is an indirect utility extension if given two non-empty sets, the first is as good as the second if the best element: (with respect to the linear order) of the first set is as good as the best element of the second. In this paper, we provide a minimal set of assumptions which uniquely characterizes the indirect utility extension. The indirect utility extension is easily observed to be a slight modification of the weak ordering extension due to Barbera and Pattanaik[1984]. In a final section of this paper we consider the problem of axiomatically characterizing the so called "lexicographic" extension. It is similar to the extension considered by Bossert[1989]. However unlike the extension due to Bossert our extension is complete, and though it satisfies Gardenfor's Property if fails to satisfy Weak Independence. Given a set we consider the pair consisting of its best and worst point. Now given to wets the first is atleast as good as the second, if either the best point of the first set is better than the best point of the second or they both share the same best point, in which case the worst point of the first is required to be atleast as good as the worst point of the second. In a way, the decision maker becomes pessimistic only if he/she has not much to choose between the best points of two sets.

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Working Papers | 1999

Corporate Performance - Post Liberalisation

Das Prabina and Ragunathan V

The Economic reform process initiated by the Government of India since July 1991 envisaged a major shift from an over regulated and protected regime to a deregulated and market oriented system. The period since 1991 has seen some important changes in the approach to and the content of India's economic policy. These policy reforms started yielding encouraging results soon after the initial adjustment period and the economy was set on reasonably high growth path. The performance of the economy was fairly good, peaking between 1994 and 1997 when the GDP growth consistently registered a rate higher than 7%. However, the magic of liberalization which has been working well with positive impact on the economy has not been without its hiccups. The year 1996-97 witnessed a sharp slow down in industrial growth and the slump continued through 1998-99. The primary market is known to be in deep coma for the three years. These arguments lead us to the tentative hypothesis that is not the slow down in the economy that has triggered the slow down in the manufacturing sector, rather, it is slow down in the manufacturing sector that has slowed down the economy in recent years. This study is an attempt at providing some evidence to this hypotheses by investigating the performance of the Indian manufacturing sector been through the 1990s. the findings are based on 5,600 private manufacturing companies available on the data base.

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Working Papers | 1999

Public-Private Partnership in Health Sector: Issues and Prospects

Bhat Ramesh

The paper discusses selected cases of private-public partnerships, which have recently been initiated by several state governments in India. The analysis of these initiatives suggests inadequacies of proper institutional mechanisms to implement the private initiative policies effectively. The discussion brings out number of policy and management issues in developing and implementing these options. It has been argued that there is need to have "public policy towards private sector" and this policy framework should have sector-wide (addressing both public and private sector roles together) focus. The policy, inter alia, should address the question of public-private mix in health sector, scope of private-public partnerships, role of subsidies and incentives in promoting these partnerships, addressing issue of protecting the public sector from any reduction in budgetary allocations. Further, the paper points out that the success of any private initiatives critically hinges upon number of factors. There is need to have explicit, transparent and adequate mechanisms which ensure: involvement of all stakeholders in the process; co-ordination across various departments within the government and various implementing agencies; ensuring availability of critical resource such as qualified manpower; appropriate monitoring and governance system; provision of adequate information to all participants; institutionalisation of appropriate management structure to handle new tasks; and strengthening public systems. These are considered necessary pre-requisites for evolving effective public-private partnerships. The role of regulatory mechanisms to ensure proper standards of care is also considered important. All these suggest the need for a number of policy measures.

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Working Papers | 1999

Growth of a Social Change Organization: A Case Study of SIDH

Deepti Bhatnagar

This report is the outcome of a study of Society for Integrated Development of Himalayas (SIDH), a social change organisation working in the Jaunpur block of the Tehri Garhwal district in Uttar Pradesh. This is sequel to an earlier study carried out in 1992 which documented the emergence of SIDH. The earlier report traced the genesis of SIDH, its objectives and activities at a nascent stage. The present study reports the grwoth and coming of age of SIDH which now has a clear mission, focus, and a set of values. These help the organisation make conscious choices about the activities it wants to undertake because these are consistent with its mission, and the ones it does not want to undertake because they are incongruent with either SIDH's mission or values. The report documents the variety of projects and activities being run by SIDH and the resultant impact it is making through awareness-building. In its effort to usher in attitudinal and social change, SIDH also comes across as an organisation committed to constant self-reflection and internal change.

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Working Papers | 1999

Zero Consumer Dissatisfaction

Ramachandran K

One of the key questions often asked is why businesses fall, and what prevents companies from dynamically adjusting to the changing consumer needs and be in touch with them? This paper argues that businesses will be sustained only if they are able to meet consumer requirements entirely. In the process, there should be no element of dissatisfaction, latent or otherwise left with the consumer. This is the basis of the concept of Zero Consumer Dissatisfaction (ZCD) developed in this paper. ZCD's linkages with value chain and total cost management are also discussed. Some methodological approaches to measure consumer dissatisfaction and attaining ZCD are explored.

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Working Papers | 1999

Congestion and Complexity Costs in a Plant with Fixed Resources that Strives to Make Schedule

Sethuraman Kannan and Lovejoy William S

Current thinking traces complexity costs to the imposition of time on resources, which essentially reduces complexity issues to the more standard congestion issues familiar from queuing logic. This logic is correct in many instances, but cannot explain the phenomenon of making schedule. In a firm that makes schedule, orders are always with potential quality effects. Hence, time and quality are substitutes, a feature that we recognize explicitly in our definition of the firm's capacity. In our mode, production yields are not exogenous parameters, but endogenously determined by workers responding to schedule pressures. The model reveals the close relationships among the firm's workforce policies, the integrity of the inspection systems, and the cost performance of the firm as its volume and/or product line expands. Whereas the time effects of complexity will only have cost effects in congested facilities, quality effects are always present. Also in contrast to time effects, quality effects of complexity can be present in non-bottleneck workstations. Hence, the quality consequences of complexity can be as or more important than the time consequences.

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Working Papers | 1999

Redefining Property Rights for Sustaining the Wetlands Around Calcutta

Chakraborti Milindo and Samar K. Datta

By defining sustainable resource use as one with long-term economic viability besides having both ecological and social compatibility, this paper applies the property rights framework and the economics of fist production to bring out a comparative perspective on ownership and use pattern of the vast tracts of wetland around the city of Calcutta. Although these areas have traditionally been used for pisciculture irrespective of ownership by government or private bodies, the post-modern trend towards socio-ecological concern seems to have challenged the earlier wisdom of leaving large tracts of such land under purely government and/or purely private ownership with unstable and sub-optimal property rights. It also challenges the recent commercial trend to convert such open spaces into building constructions for industry and the housing sector. The paper reviews the legal framework for wetland use and also uses several live cases to highlight the fact that placing such wetlands for pisciculture and related activities and thus building up to 'nature park' with such resources with the help of active fishermen and their user-controlled organisations under a suitable and stable property rights regime is consistent with not only the ecological and social needs of the people, but also with the economics of alternative uses under a fairly realistic conditions. The paper highlights the need for property rights re-engineering alongside, if not preceding, ecological engineering of wetland and details the pre-conditions for evolving sustainable use of the wetlands around Calcutta. (Key words: property rights, residual control, residual return, Coase Theorem, complete contracting)

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