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3721 items in total found

Working Papers | 1977

Rural Banks for Rural Development: The Indian Experiment

Wadhva Charan D

The establishment of the new institution of the regional rural banks (RRBs) in India since 1975 has aroused a great deal of interest and controversy among the policy-makers and observers of the Indian economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the background and salient features of the scheme for establishing the RRBs and to evaluate their performance. The paper concludes that the RRBs have been set up for meeting a distinctive objective and felt need in the area of rural credit. They may be identified as the development banks of the rural poor in India. These banks have had to work under several constraints some of which were totally beyond their control. Due credit must be given to the RRBs and their sponsoring banks for having achieved some tangible results within a short period of time. The paper cites the experience of the working of two RRBs as case studies. Based on the experience gained so far, this paper presents a case for reorganizing the working of the RRBs along certain lines for strengthening their role so that they can achieve the objectives for which they have been set up.

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Working Papers | 1977

Techniques of Mobilizing Rural People to Support Rural Development Programme

Moulik T K

How to mobilize rural people to participate and support rural development programmes is a crucial issue to resolve. The importance of this issue is being increasingly realized by the developing Afro-Asian countries. This paper is concerned with general theoretical principles or concepts based on comparative analysis of experiences in rural development programmes in five Afro-Asian countries. Based on these experiences of these five countries, the techniques of mobilization of rural people are conceptually classified into two models: Harmony model and Conflict Model. The two models are defined in terms of method of applying intervention techniques in mobilizing rural people. Broadly there are 4 categories of interventions: structural, institutional, technological and political. Given certain preconditions, usually the outsider-stimulator provoke mobilization of rural people in support of development programmes through applying certain intervention techniques. In the conflict model, outsider-stimulator usually starts with a conscientisation programme with emphasis on structural interventions such as agrarian reform and then radically confronting and escalating the force against the structural cleavage. The other three intervention techniques are the consequent result of the structural interventions, in the conflict model. The conflict model is illustrated in the paper in relation to Chinese and Indonesia's PKI movements. According to harmony model on the other hand the outsider stimulator attempts to mobilize either through technological or institutional interventions without disturbing the structural aspects of the society. Harmony model is illustrated in the paper in relation to some rural development programmes in Tanzania, India and Bangladesh. The ideological philosophies of the two models are fundamentally different with concomitant advantages and disadvantages depending on the existing objective conditions of the society in which they are applied.

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Working Papers | 1977

Theory of Financial Intermediation - A Portfolio Approach

Gupta Ramesh

Recent growth of financial institutions has resulted in an increased need for the financial analysts to study their behavior closely. In this study an attempt is made to explain the behavior of financial intermediaries in terms of portfolio theory using a preference function approach. By and large, the literature on the theory of financial intermediation has concentrated on either the asset side or the liability side of the balance sheet. In this paper, we have explicitly considered the fact that two sides of an intermediary's balance sheet are not independent.

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Working Papers | 1977

Agricultural Sector and Growth Rates of NNP, 1950-51 to 1975-76

Desai G M

The paper focuses on the rates of growth of total net national product (NNP) and NNP originating from the agricultural sector vis-à-vis the non-agricultural sector. It is based on time series of NNP at 1960-61 prices for the period from 1950-51 to 1975-76. Despite the significant changes in the relative importance of NNP originating from the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in favor of the letter, and more than twice as much growth rate of the latter as compared to the former, the annual rates of growth in NNP were far more closely associated with rates of growth in NNP originating from the agricultural sector than rates of growth in NNP originating from the agricultural sector than rates of growth in NNP originating from the non agricultural sector. The close association between growth rates of total NNP and NNP originating from the agricultural sector holds good not only for the entire 25 year period but also for the period from 1962-63, or for that matter from 1967-68. In fact, the degree of association between these growth rates have increased while that between growth rates of total NNP and NNP originating from the non-agricultural sector has decreased after 1967-68.

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Working Papers | 1977

Changes in Land Ownership Pattern - An Aspect of Structural Change in Indian Agriculture

Vyas Vijay Shankar

Changes in agrarian structure are, usually, slow. But they indicate directions in which the economy is moving. One expression of such change is the changes in the land holding pattern. So long as land is the key variable in the economy of rural households, changes in size distribution of holding have obvious significance. In this paper such changes are documented with the help of N.S.S. rounds for the decade of 1960s. The paper also examines the rate of market induced, policy induced and demographic factors in explaining changes in land holding pattern.

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Working Papers | 1977

Operations Research and Planning for Dharmpur

Patel Nitin R

This paper describes experience with application of operations research techniques in planning infrastructure for the Dharampur taluka in Gujarat. The work done covers four principal areas: 1. Design of a road network 2. Location of service centres 3. Development of an inter-active computer program using computer graphics 4. Phasing of service centres

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Working Papers | 1977

Costs of Operations in Agricultural Financing by Formal Agencies

Desai G M

The purpose of this paper is to first briefly discuss the main elements of costs in agricultural finance operations of formal agencies. Secondly, the sources of high administrative costs are identified. And finally a strategy is proposed for reducing these high costs. These objectives are discussed mainly in conceptual terms. Wherever possible the available costs data are also used for empirical validation of analytical arguments. However, in India these data are not yet adequately documented. Nor are the experiences of group or area approach to agricultural financing adequately studied.

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Working Papers | 1977

The Industrial Man of India

Sheth N R

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the nature of industrial culture emerging in India in the background of the concepts regarding the industrial society prevailing in contemporary social science. The author examines the classical hypothesis that the norms and institutions of the traditional Indian society are incompatible with the social and economic pre-conditions of modern technology. It is argued that Indian entrepreneurs and workers found it relatively easy to move from the rural-agricultural nexus of traditional India to modern industrial work due to a degree of flexibility inherent in the traditional society as well as the unique interaction between Indian and western intellectuals during the British rule. An attempt is then made to analyze the psychological, social, economic and political forces influencing the Indian industrial man and the implications of these forces for maintenance and development of a social order Indians may want to achieve.

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Working Papers | 1977

Rural Development - Some Issues and Approaches

Vyas Vijay Shankar

There is a broad consensus on the content of rural development as a programme. An equalitarian has, emphasis on self reliance and local participation may be considered as key attributes of rural development. There are yet significant differences on certain ideological and strategic issues. The issues are classified under two categories: General and Strategic. Among the general issue question of socio-economic context place of land reforms and the question of appropriate technology are raised. Among the strategic issues paper touches upon the questions such as, Area Vs Beneficiary approach, single Vs Multi Sector approach, Wastages to Social Services, role of resources, role of outsiders etc.

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Working Papers | 1977

On Wait-And-See Stochastic Linear Programs: An Application and Algorithm

Patel Nitin R

This paper develops a computational algorithm for estimating the mean objective function value of a stochastic linear programming problem of the passive or wait-and-see type. The algorithm is applied to a problem connected with design of a 'milk-grid' in India and is found to be computationally effective in that case. It is most likely to be useful in the case of fairly large LP problems with a few (<10) stochastic right hand side variables.

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