Gender gap in commute time allocation: analyzing the effects of major life events and urban–rural differences using India’s time use survey

26/05/2026

Gender gap in commute time allocation: analyzing the effects of major life events and urban–rural differences using India’s time use survey

Sandip Chakrabarti, Sagar Verma, Muskan Verma

Journal Articles

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Gender differences in time use have been studied extensively, thereby informing gender-inclusive policymaking. Differences appear at young ages and change with major life events such as employment, migration, marriage, and childbirth. Since time allocation across activities determines well-being, researchers have analyzed the causes and consequences of such differences to promote multidimensional gender equality. However, although the importance of context-specific analysis of gender gaps in time allocation to commuting and other work-related travel has been emphasized in the literature, countries across the developing world remain relatively less studied. We use India’s Time Use Survey and consider a sample of 24,780 employed persons belonging to 13,501 single-member households or dual-earner nuclear married couple households with or without children to investigate the gender difference in commute time allocation. We find that, relative to men, women allocate significantly less time to commuting. Moreover, this “gender commute gap” is statistically significant in households with young children and persists even in households with older children. An intra-household analysis reveals that the gap is smaller in urban than rural areas, and that intra-household gender differences in unpaid domestic work and childcare responsibilities are associated with the gap within households. Closing the gender commute gap is imperative.

IIMA