Brands evolve over time as a result of factors that facilitate or force. Such changes could, firstly, be the result of changes in the operating environment, such as changes in either consumer-related aspects like consumer needs, tastes, preferences, and buying behavior; or changes in external aspects such as technological developments, regulations, competitive landscape and competitive behavior. The paper studies how local (Indian) brands have evolved over the past in terms of their nature and narration, through an analysis of the elements of brand identity and image, brand communication, and brand portfolio. The paper then identifies the parallels that this evolution might have with evolution of an emerging market, where technology, competitive scenario, consumer expectations and consumer demographics have evolved rapidly.
A study of ten local brands through case studies and consumer perceptions shows that brand identity is perceived to lie on the spectrum of completely changed to completely unchanged. This evolution can be the result of strategy or situation, or a combination of both. Also, brand evolution can be classified along a two-dimensional matrix of gradation of transformation (drastic vs. gradual) and driver of transformation (internal vs. external). Components of brand identity might change and yet, identity might be perceived as remaining unchanged. Based on the pattern of evolution, brands can be categorized into four groups: stable brands (no change), contemporized brands (marginal change), evolved brands (major change), and transitional brands (sequential change). Unlike prior literature, the current study provides a useful framework to analyze the evolution of brands in an emerging market.