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Working Papers | 2012

Theory of Planned Behaviour Approach to Understand the Purchasing Behaviour for Environmentally Sustainable Products

Bipul Kumar

This study examines the purchasing behaviour for environmentally sustainable products using the framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. It investigates the determinants of the purchase intention for environmentally sustainable products leading to the purchase behaviour for the same. The data collected for the study was analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The result of the study indicates that environmental knowledge has a significant positive relationship with the attitude towards environmentally sustainable products. The strength of significant relationship between attitude and purchase intention is greater compared to the significant relationship between perceived behavioural control and purchase intention. Subjective norm was not found to be significantly related to purchase intention. A significant positive relationship was also found between purchase intention and purchase behaviour. The study has helped in understanding the relative strength of determinants of purchase intention with regard to environmentally sustainable products which lead to purchase behaviour for the same. The findings have important implications for marketers as well as for policy makers.

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Working Papers | 2012

Mandatory IPO Grading: Does it Help Pricing Efficiency?

Joshy Jacob and Sobhesh Kumar Agarwalla

The paper examines the market impact of a unique IPO certification recently introduced in India-mandatory grading of IPOs by a credit rating agency. The grading was expected to improve the IPO pricing efficiency by providing comprehensive issue-related information to the market, especially to the retail investors. The results indicate that grading has only a limited influence on the IPO demand of retail and institutional investors. The low grade issues appear to have weaker demand from investors relative to the ungraded IPOs. But there is no evidence to support IPO pricing improvement due to the introduction of IPO grading. This is contrary to the evidence reported by some earlier studies. This suggests the failure of grading as an IPO certification.

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Working Papers | 2012

Fleet Sizing for Transporters with Seasonal Demands

Debjit Roy and Joesph Sebastian

We develop a quick and approximate way to address the fleet sizing problem for transporters
with non-stationary demands and uncertain trip times. Non-stationary demands
are modeled using Markov-modulated Poisson process (MMPP) and the variable fleet
size is modeled using multi-server queuing construct (MMPP(2)=M=C queue). The
customer service level is expressed by the probability that a customer on arrival waits for
availability of trucks. The waiting time probabilities are estimated from the steady-state
probabilities, which are obtained from the solution of the continuous-time Markov chain.
We demonstrate the fleet-sizing approach for a transporter with two level of demand
rates and exponentially distributed truck unavailable times.

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Working Papers | 2012

Minimizing Customer Waiting Costs for Rental Vehicle Providers using Threshold Reservation Policies

Jennifer A. Pazour and Debjit Roy

Vehicle rental providers offer differentiated services to reserve and walk-in customers. In this research, we study one such service differentiation strategy, a vehicle threshold policy, which is to hold vehicles for reserve class customers in anticipation of their future arrivals. To consider the impact that vehicle threshold policies have on reserve and walk-in customer waiting times, we model a rental depot as a multi-class non-work-conserving semi-open queue with stochastic inputs. For exponential and deterministic service time distributions, we identify the optimal threshold quantity for stationary customer arrivals using closed-form expressions for the expected waiting times of both customer classes. For non-stationary customer arrivals, we develop different threshold policies and analyze their performance using a detailed simulation model. Through numerical testing, we provide insights into recommended threshold policies that can be applied to improve the profitability of a rental provider.

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Working Papers | 2012

Organized Retailing of Horticultural Commodities

Piyush Kumar Sinha and Sujo Thomas

Owing to rapid urbanization and changing consumption patterns, more and more retailers are trying to put their best efforts to discover new avenues of success when it comes to the sales of horticultural commodities. There are several Indian companies as well as foreign companies who have been focusing all their energies to succeed in the organized retail sector of Indian horticulture commodities. The Indian retail industry is worth $470 million and organized retail stands at $26 million which is around 6% of the market. The overall organized retail market in India is projected to grow at a CAGR of 40%, touching US$ 107 billion by 2013. Especially horticulture retail, which is mostly referred as the selling of fresh fruits and vegetables, is witnessing a slow but steady change. The main objective of this paper is to gain insight into organized retail of Horticulture commodities from the Indian perspective. This paper attempts to explore and evaluate the extent of the transformation and its impact brought by the organized retailing of Horticultural commodities in India. The first section of this paper discusses the nature of organized retailing in India alongside the progress and experience of organized retailing of Horticulture commodities. The second section of this paper enumerates the issues and concerns in the Horticulture sector of India and subsequently this paper examines the effects of FDI in Horticulture retail while quoting some evidences from other countries. This study has analyzed and evaluated the organized retailing sector in Horticulture commodities and put forward specific recommendations for the development and transformation of this sector.

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Working Papers | 2012

Development of Modern Retailing in India: It's Impacts on Distribution and Procurement Networks and Changing Consumption Pattern

Piyush Kumar Sinha, Srikant Gokhale, and Sujo Thomas

The Indian retail industry is estimated to be $470 billion. The organized or modern retailing with 6% share stands at $26 billion. It is projected to reach US$ 1.3 trillion by 2018 with the organized retail market estimated to grow at the compounded annual growth rate of 40% and reach US$107 billion by the year 2013. Entry of these retailers in different formats, including online, has affected an irreversible change in consumer buying habits and businesses related to serving these retailers. However, unlike many other countries, India has its own unique character of size, geographical spread, cultural diversity, and multiplicity of formats being introduced at quick succession. Retailers also face the challenge of developing infrastructure, on their own or in cooperation with the government. This paper attempts to explore the industry and evaluate the extent of its impact on distribution and procurement networks and changing consumption pattern in India.

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Working Papers | 2012

Realigning Business Strategy for PWD (People with Disabilities)
Customers: A Less-explored Territory in Diversity Inclusion

Abhishek and Richa Saxena

A disability refers to a physical, sensory or mental limitation that interferes with a persons ability to move, see, hear or learn. Business initiatives taken up by organizations for diversity inclusion of people with disabilities (PWD) are generally focused only on providing employment or giving contracts to suppliers who employ PWD. Through this paper, we propose that commercial organizations need to look at the third set of stakeholders i.e. customers and need to realign their business strategy so that they also cater to a diverse population including the PWD customers. This paper looks into different aspects like rationale, hindrances, facilitators, and concerns for commercial organizations to align business strategy for PWD customers. It is expected that it will not only empower PWD to conduct themselves with dignity but will also enable commercial organizations to tap into larger market.

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Working Papers | 2012

Does Competition in the Microfinance Industry Necessarily Mean Over-borrowing?

Ratul Lahkar, Viswanath Pingali, and Santadarshan Sadhu

In this paper we test the hypothesis of whether the presence of increasing number of microfinance institutions leads to over-borrowing. Some recent theoretical literature suggests that, in a joint liability setting, borrowers are more likely to borrow from multiple sources-without increasing their loan size-in order to better manage their risk due to partner default. Here, we test this hypothesis by utilizing a unique primary dataset generated through comprehensive surveys conducted in eight districts of Andhra Pradesh. Results suggest that over-borrowing and multiple loans are not necessarily synonymous. More broadly, as the number of credit agencies in a village increases, the average loan burden of villagers need not increase. Furthermore, there is an evidence of substitution from informal sources of credit to formal ones. Such substitution is greater with addition of microfinance institutions than with the addition of other formal lending agencies. Finally, we also find that the joint liability setup ensures that individuals at a greater risk of non-repayment are discouraged from obtaining MFI loans.

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Working Papers | 2012

Whether Cross-Listing, Stock-specific and Market-wide Calendar Events impact Intraday Volatility Dynamics? Evidence from the Indian Stock Market using High-frequency Data

Sobhesh Kumar Agarwalla and Ajay Pandey

Using high-frequency stock price data, we investigate the effect of various stock-specific and market-wide events on intraday volatility dynamics in the Indian market. Modeling intraday volatility dynamics using FFF regressions, we examine the effect of-(a) cross-listing, (b) weekends and holidays, (c) scheduled temporary trading halts, and (d) derivatives' expiry day, on intraday volatility dynamics. We find that Indian stock market exhibits "reverse J" shaped intraday volatility with much higher intraday variation than what has been reported in other markets. The intraday variation is more in the case of large cap stocks relative to small cap stocks. Higher volatility is also observed in the first one-hour of trade after weekends, in the first half-an-hour after the holidays, in the last one-hour of trade before the weekends. Temporary scheduled trading halts cause the volatility to rise when the market re-opens. The stocks, cross-listed elsewhere, exhibit higher volatility in the first 45 minutes of trade relative to other stocks. Volatility of the stocks with derivative contracts increases in the last half-an-hour trade on the expiry day, the time period relevant for estimation of the settlement price of the derivative contracts, but not in other time intervals. While our results are mostly along the lines of previous findings, the use of high-frequency data allows us to locate precisely the time-intervals which are affected by the investigated calendar events.

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Working Papers | 2012

Economic Growth in Gujarat in Relation to the Nation
and Other States in Recent Times - A Statistical Analysis

Sebastian Morris

Growth rates of regions (states) have generally followed the national level growth rates over time with small lags or leads. We find much coherence between the aggregate performance of regions over time and that of the nation, so that the periodization at the national level is also useful at the regional level. Growth of regions since the reform of 1991-93 can be considered in two phases 1992-94 to 2002-03 and 2003-04 onwards. The very growth achieved in the latter period is mirrored at the regional level with particularly the services sector growth rate moving upwards in the second period. Gujarat like many other states is no exception. But its large competitive advantage in manufacturing means that the growth achieved in the manufacturing sector may have been less than what was possible given the monetary and exchange rate conservatism of the Reserve Bank of India. Both Maharashtra and Gujarat in the period since 2003-04 show strong positive residual (regional) factors explaining their high growth performance in this period. The contrast is with Tamil Nadu and West Bengal in the very same period.

What is remarkable though of Gujarat is that it has been able to maintain and enhance its comparative advantage despite a high level of per capita income. Gujarat shows better performance on both agriculture and electricity but especially the latter which therefore inter alia has influenced local industrialization. But the roles of the factors considered must not be exaggerated. Coherence of national level growth with regional being high, the focus in discussions of the performance of states and state governments should shift to income distribution, performance of public services, locally provided infrastructure, social services over which state governments have far better and possibly even overriding control.

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