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Working Papers | 2006

Exact Methods for the Preemptive Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem

Sanjay Verma

A simple best-first tree search scheme with pruning rules to minimize the completion time (makespan) of the project is described. A project consists of a set of activities partially ordered by precedence constraints. An activity has a given non-negative duration and uses renewable resources such as manpower and machinery. The total number of available units of each resource is constant and specified in advance. A unit of resource cannot be shared by two activities. An activity is ready to be processed only when all its predecessor activities are completed and the numbers of units of the various resources required by it are free and can be allocated to it. Once started, an activity can be interrupted and rescheduled later on without any increase in remaining duration of that activity. Each such part of the activity can be called a segment of that activity. There are no set-up times. The objective is to assign start times to the activities or segment of activities so that the makespan is minimized.

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Working Papers | 2006

Governance of private sector corporate hospitals and their financial performance: preliminary observations based on analysis of listed and unlisted corporate hospitals in India

Bhat Ramesh and Jain Nishant

This paper analyses financial performance of corporate hospitals in India. While studying the financial performance of hospitals in our previous work we observed that there are some distinct differences between unlisted and listed hospitals. It is hypothesised that corporate hospitals which are listed on the stock exchanges are likely to be more aware about corporate governance issues and ensure better utilisation of resources and meet expectation of various stakeholders. We study the differences in listed and unlisted hospitals in this paper. The findings suggest that operating cost ratio of listed hospitals is significantly different and lower from the unlisted hospitals. We also find that borrowings of unlisted hospitals are much higher than listed hospitals because they have no access to capital markets to raise money. This increase the financial vulnerability of unlisted hospitals as their ability to service the debt is low. We discuss the implications of these results.

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Working Papers | 2006

Modeling Travel Demand in a Metropolitan City: Case Study of Bangalore, India

Prem Pangotra and Sharma Somesh

Increasing urbanization, population growth and rising incomes have led to rapid growth of travel demand in Indian cities. The paper provides a modeling approach for forecasting urban travel demand and assessing public transport options for large metropolitan cities. A travel characteristics model is used to forecast the pattern of travel demand in Bangalore city up to the year 2014. The paper examines the scope of a public bus transport service and a mass rapid transit system for meeting the projected travel demand and thereby curtailing the growth of personal vehicles in the city.

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Working Papers | 2006

A Public Private Partnership Model for Managing Urban Health: A Study of Ahmedabad City

Patel Amit, Dileep Mavalankar, K. V. Ramani, Mahandiratta Sweta, Bhardwaj Rohini, and Joshi Diptesh

Urbanization is an important demographic shift worldwide. India's urban population of 300 million represents 30 % of its total population; with the slum population in urban cities registering a 5 % growth in the last few years. Responding to the healthcare needs of urban poor is therefore very essential. Government of India focus has been mainly on rural health till the late 90s. Recognizing the urgency to manage urban health for the vulnerable sections of our population, the 9th and 10th Five Year Plans of the Government of India have laid special emphasis on developing a well structured network of urban primary care institutions. Ahmedabad city (also known as Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, AMC) is the sixth largest city in India with a population of 3.5 million spread over 192 square kilometers, across 43 wards. AMC has nearly 2500 slums and chawls housing approximately 1.5 million people. Out of 43 wards in AMC, 9 wards which house more than 20 % of AMC population, have no government health facility at all. With more than 3500 private health facilities in AMC, it is therefore worthwhile to explore Public Private Participation (PPP) to improve the delivery of healthcare services. In this working paper, we outline our approach to developing a PPP model for a decentralized and integrated primary healthcare center for each ward of AMC. Our model is built on a clear understanding of the socio-economic profile, status of public health, and the healthcare seeking habits of Ahmedabad population. Our GIS (Geographic Information System) methodology guides the AMC authorities to identify good locations for urban health center (UHC) so as to ensure availability, affordability, accessibility, and equity to primary healthcare facilities to the slum populations. We illustrate our methodology for Vasna and Naroda wards in AMC.

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Working Papers | 2006

Gender Differences in the Use of FTAs when Reporting Incidents of UI: An Indian Study

Asha Kaul and Esha Patnaik

The study, conducted in an Indian organization, aims to examine differences, if any, across genders in the use of face threatening acts (FTAs) while reporting incidents of upward influence (UI). The nature of incidents reported for use of UI entails the possible use of FTAs, that is, challenging the positive or negative face of the target to achieve certain desired objectives. Given research evidence on the differences in communication styles between men and women, we examined the possibility of any such differences in the use of FTA in reported speech within an organization. No significant differences were found between women and men in the use of FTAs. When the target was of the opposite gender as the agent, the latter was more likely to use either bald on-record or on-record with redressive action strategy for influencing. In cases where both the interactants were of the same gender, the agent generally used FTAs such as on-record with redressive action and solidarity politeness to gain compliance. A combination of UI strategies was employed in such instances.

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Working Papers | 2006

Decision Support System for Design and Evaluation of Pipeline Projects

Samir K. Barua and T. Madhavan

Petronet India Limited (PIL) was created to give impetus to investments in pipeline projects for transportation of petroleum products in the country. Since these projects have a long life and require large investments, correct assessment of location, capacity and financial viability are of critical importance. This paper is based on the study undertaken for PIL to evaluate a few of their pipeline projects. The study resulted in creation of a comprehensive software package that is capable of operational and financial evaluation of pipeline projects based on countrywide view on production and distribution of petroleum products. The core of the package is an LP based optimization model. The package is capable of performing sensitivity analysis to investigate the impact of uncertainty on the proposed project due to from changes in the values of key factors including distribution network and capacities, refining capacities and pattern of demand. •A model is developed for identification of viable pipeline projects, taking into account the demand and capacity additions to production and distribution network for petroleum products in the future. •The model can be used for financial evaluation of such projects based on appropriate assumptions to forecast the investments required as well as the net cash flows from the project. •The solution procedure is implemented for the models developed in the form of a software package that would allow the decision maker to experiment with assumption and generate solutions with ease and with little manual intervention. •The software package developed above is further embellished so that it also provides additional information to the decision maker in the form of reports that contain details of movement of products and the mode combinations used for the movements.

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Working Papers | 2006

Networks of Small Producers for Technological Innovation: Some Models

Pankaj Chandra

Small producers face a variety of challenges - some related to markets and others related to capabilities. Inability to develop technological capabilities has often restricted small firms from growing large. In this paper, we present learning from three global networks , i.e., TAMA in Japan, Wenzhou in China and Rajkot in India, that have adopted a variety of mechanisms of coordination between small producers and has led to both capability enhancement and demand enhancement. We argue that the capability enhancement effects play as significant a role as demand enhancement effects in the growth of small firms. Coordination that allows firms to improve their capabilities enhances both productivity as well as innovative capabilities to develop new products and processes. The paper, with the help of these three case studies, presents a generic model for SME development that is based on acquiring distinctive capabilities and linkages with other small producers or other members of the supply chain. We propose distinctive determinants of a collaborative model for engaging SMEs in technological innovation over a period of time. These are : Focus of the Firm, Interactive Producers, Processing and Product Manufacturing, Innovation Investment, Markets, Market Makers (and market making processes), and Regulatory Support.

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Working Papers | 2006

Information in the Term Structure – The Indian Evidence (I): Modeling the Term Structure and Information at the Short End for Future Inflation

Vineet Virmani

This study is part of an on-going work on assessing the information content of the term structure in India for future inflation, future short rates and real interest rates. In this part, first the Indian term structure is modeled using three alternative specifications and changes in slope of the term structure at the short-end assessed for forecastability of inflation. Performance of two atheoretical (Nelson and Siegel, 1987 and Svensson, 1994) models is compared against empirical implications of a general equilibrium (Cox, Ingersoll and Ross, 1985) model. While Svensson is seen to offer no improvement over Nelson-Siegel, Cox-Ingersoll-Ross comes out as marginally superior to both on the criteria of mean absolute pricing and yield errors (both in-sample and out-of-sample), behaviour of the short and the long rates, stability of the parameters and behaviour of forward rates for maturities 1-8 years. This is encouraging because models like Nelson-Siegel and Svensson are designed to fit the observed yield curves, while Cox-Ingersoll-Ross is a theoretical model derived from intertemporal description of a competitive economy. On the information content of the term structure, in the sample under study, change in the slope of the term structure seems to have no information for inflation changes over the horizon 1 month to 2 years. Results could be sample and/or sampling-frequency specific. Results for the long end of the term structure (from a bigger sample) follows.

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Working Papers | 2006

Risk, Ambiguity - Gains, Losses

Chakravarty Sujoy and Roy Jaideep

We use a multiple price list (MPL) method to elicit attitudes to risky and ambiguous prospects. In particular we wish to investigate if there are differences in agent behaviour under uncertainty over gain amounts vis a vis uncertainty over loss amounts. On an aggregate level, we find that (i) in the domain of risk, subjects are risk averse over both gain and loss lotteries with the degree of risk aversion being lower for losses than gains, (ii) subjects are ambiguity averse over ambiguous prospects that involve gains, but that they are mildly ambiguity seeking over such prospects that involve loss and (iii) attitudes toward risk and ambiguity are positively correlated in the domain of gains and are independent of each other in the domain of losses. These behavioural observations are statically significant using both parametric as well as non-parametric tests. Further analysis shows that at an individual level, (a) in the domain of risk, there is a high incidence of a reflection effect across gains and losses though the subjects' behaviour is bimodal, that is, many are risk averse in gains and risk seeking in losses while many others are risk seeking in gains and risk averse in losses, while (b) in the domain of ambiguity, there is also a high incidence of a reflection effect although almost all such cases exhibit ambiguity aversion in gains and ambiguity seeking in losses.

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Working Papers | 2006

An exploration of customer-supplier alliances and partnerships: A synthesis of literature review and empirical investigation leading to 3Rs framework

Prathap Oburai and Baker Michael J

The marketing discipline is evolving and so is its agenda with the advent of relationship marketing, networks and other related sub-fields. Till recently, business literature focused largely on competition, and cooperation, its counter part, has received insufficient attention. With a view to redress the situation, this research article investigates the phenomenon of customer supplier alliances and partnerships and aims to make fundamental theoretical contributions in the sub-field of business-to-business relations and cooperation. Eclectic and wide-ranging enquiry is a main research tool employed and hence the character of this research is interdisciplinary. An extensive literature review of a number of related disciplines is undertaken in order to capture the essence of relationship strategies and their implications. The ideas and alternative research processes were exposed to critical scrutiny by a few marketing scholars to increase feedback and validity of ideas. In addition, a qualitative exploratory survey was carried out in order to understand the strategic issues concerning alliances and partnerships. The research findings were combined with theoretical ideas to derive a Routines-Relationships-Resources (3Rs) model. This 3Rs model is made up of three cores that underlie all business strategies including those designed to generate competitive advantage through the route of cooperative alliances and partnerships.

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