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Working Papers | 2014

From Well-heeled to Tip-toed, Shoe-shine to Shoe-lace: Valuing Product Differentiation in Men's Formal Footwear

Vishal Kumar and Satish Y. Deodhar

Gone are the days when the only branded footwear Indians knew was Bata. After years of economic liberalization, one finds many firms; local, national, and international jostling for consumer attention by producing various types of footwear in Indian market. In fact, today Indian footwear industry is the second largest in the world. This market can be described as a stylized case of a monopolistically competitive market where there is intense competition among firms manufacturing differentiated products. In this study, we focus our attention on men's formal shoes which are distinguished by the presence (or absence) of many differentiated attributes such as heel, toes, colour, surface, laces, buckles and brands. Invoking hedonic price analysis and bid and offer curves of the customers and firms respectively, shoe prices are viewed as the sum total of the valuation of each of the shoe attributes. We estimate the relative valuation of the shoe attributes by regressing market prices of shoes on various quality attributes. Analysis shows that shoes made of leather, shiny surface, buckles, laces, and brands carry a premium and differentiation based on colour, pointed toes, high heels, and texture is not important. In a highly competitive market, such data driven studies can provide pointers to firms in altering existing shoe models and successfully launching newer ones.

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Working Papers | 2014

The Psychological Contract: A Review Model

Promila Agarwal

The objective of this paper is to review and synthesize the literature of psychological contract in order to provide a comprehensive framework of psychological contract through individual and multi-level analysis. The article provides an inclusive review of antecedents (individual and organizational) and outcomes of psychological contract. The last meta analysis was done in 2007 (Zhao et al., 2007) and research has grown significantly from thereon. The current paper extends the range of variables (antecedents and outcomes) considered in comparison to earlier studies. The study extensively reviews the literature from the period of 1972 to 2013 (July). The findings highlight how individual and organizational level variables influence the psychological contract of employees. It also reveals that psychological contract is associated with favorable organizational outcomes. While doing so the paper brings out the challenges in the field of psychological contract, gaps in the research, and makes propositions for future research. The exhaustive synthesis of review of literature promises to provide a holistic picture of psychological contract to the scholars interested in the field of psychological contract and employee relations. It highlights the gap which contributes in taking this concept forward. Practitioners can use this research for managing psychological contract in the light of its critical factors. The paper concludes that individual level antecedents of psychological contract require detail examination and summarize the relationship between macro level variables and psychological contract.

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Working Papers | 2014

UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND FMCG INDUSTRY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Promila Agarwal

The influence of factors outside the boundaries of organization is largely ignored in the examination of psychological contract. The objective of the current research is to empirically examine the association between industry/sector and psychological contract. The article examines the variation in the psychological contract among employees working in pharmaceutical and FMCG sectors. The cross sectional study gathered data from survey. Total 1000 employees participants from 14 organizations, 7 organization from pharmaceutical (N=500) and 7 organizations from FMCG sector (N=500). The findings suggest that employees of pharmaceutical and FMCG sector hold different psychological contract. The article has implications for both researchers and practitioners. The findings will contribute to researchers and scholars interested in the area of psychological contract in understanding the influence of external factors on psychological contract and the complexity associated with these factors. The practitioners can use the information in diagnosing the prevalent psychological contract and managing relationship with their employees.

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Working Papers | 2014

Economic Geography and Networks:
Role of local and non-local ties in Cluster Evolution

Amit Karna, Florian A. Taeube, and Petra Sonderegger

The organization of geographic clusters plays an increasingly significant role due to the presence of network ties that exist within the location and beyond. This has proven to be particularly true for knowledge-intensive industries, where the organization of resources-people and technology-has been a primary driver for firm and regional performance. With the help of a longitudinal case study of the IT cluster in Bangalore (India), we investigate the effect of local and non-local network ties on its evolution. We argue that local and non-local networks play a clear role in cluster evolution. We propose a U-shaped relationship between cluster evolution phases and the distance among the network tie members. Our study also outlines the role that embedding, expansion, and extension of ties plays in transitioning cluster from one phase to the other. The consideration of non-local ties is rather nascent in the cluster literature and promises to enhance the understanding of how clusters develop at both levels - policy as well as firm.

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Working Papers | 2014

Determinants of the Sources of FDI into India

Prathyush Sarasa, Disha Singh, and Sebastian Morris

Inward FDI flows over 2000-01 from many source countries into India, one of the fastest growing large developing economies in the period, have been explained by an extended gravity model and the an extended allometric models by incorporating other variables such as common language, tax status, interest differential, and distance to arrive at the importance of these variables. Additionally, in representing the "size" in the both models by not GDP but as a constitution of per capita income and population, the difference between countries with the same GDP but at different levels of development are accounted for in the normalization itself so that the influence of the economic variables is more robustly estimated. The allometric model is found to be superior in explaining the overall variance in FDI inflows.

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Working Papers | 2014

Emergency Medical Service System Design under Service Level Constraints for Heterogeneous Patients

Sachin Jayaswal

We study the problem of locating Emergency Medical Service (EMS) facilities in the
presence of service level constraints for patients with acuity levels ranging from resuscitation
to non-urgent. Each patient arriving at any EMS facility is triaged as either
resuscitation/high priority or less urgent/low priority, where high priority patients are
always served on a priority basis. The problem is to optimally locate EMS facilities and
allocate their service zones to satisfy the following coverage and service level constraints:
(i) each user zone is served by an EMS facility that is within a given coverage radius; (ii)
at least h proportion of the resuscitation cases at any EMS facility should be admitted
immediately without having to wait; (iii) at least l proportion of the cases belonging to
low priority class at any EMS facility should not have to wait for more than l minutes.
For this, we model the network of EMS facilities as spatially distributed M/M/1 priority
queues, whose locations and user allocations need to be determined. The resulting integer
programming problem is challenging to solve, especially in absence of any known analytical
expression for the waiting time distribution of low priority customers in an M/M/1 priority
queue. We develop a cutting plane based solution algorithm, exploiting the concavity
of the waiting time distribution of low priority customers to approximate its non-linearity
using tangent planes, determined numerically using matrix geometric method. Using a
case study of locating EMS facilities in Austin, Texas, we present computational results
and managerial insights.

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Working Papers | 2014

Tabu Search for Multi-Period Facility Location: Uncapacitated Problem with an Uncertain Number of Servers

Amit Kumar Vatsa and Diptesh Ghosh

This paper supersedes the work presented in WP.No.2014-02-06. We study the problem of allocating
doctors to primary health centers (PHC). We model the problem as a multi-period uncapacitated facility
location problem under uncertainty. The problem is unconventional in that the uncertainty is in the
number and period of availability of doctors. This work aims to determine the sequence of opening facil-
ities (assigning doctors to the PHC) over multiple periods so as to cover the maximum demand. We use
a minmax regret approach to solve the problem under uncertainty. We present solution techniques using
tabu search and compare our solutions with optimal solutions obtained using commercial solvers. We see that one of our tabu search algorithms is faster and yields optimal solutions in the problems we tested on.

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Working Papers | 2014

Measurement Issues in State Income from Registered Manufacturing Sector – Case of Gujarat

Ravindra H. Dholakia, Manish Pandya, and Payal M. Pateriya

The present paper discusses some important issues involved in estimation of state income originating in the registered manufacturing sector with illustrations drawn from Gujarat. It highlights the present practices in preparing quick estimates for latest years when results from the regular data source of Annual Survey of Industries is not finalized. It also argues that the current practice of following single deflation method is inadequate and misleading for deriving estimates of value addition at constant prices in this sector. When the industrial structure and technology are rapidly changing with substantial differences in price trends of inputs and outputs, double deflation is the right method to serve the purpose. The paper also draws attention to micro-level inconsistencies and unexplained jumps in annual estimates of input-output ratios obtained from the ASI results. Finally, the paper points out the serious flaw of gathering information in ASI without updating regularly the Census sector frame at the state level. It results in ignoring new large and medium manufacturing units from the ASI results. It is shown for Gujarat state that more than 1000 such units remain uncovered by ASI resulting in the serious underestimation of vale addition of about 23%. This is likely to be a widespread phenomenon not confined only to Gujarat. Urgent action to address these problems will go a long way to improve quality and credibility of the estimates.

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Working Papers | 2014

Moving to Opportunity or Isolation? Network
Effects of a Slum Relocation Program in India

Sharon Barnhardt, Erica Field, and Rohini Pande

A" housing" lottery" in" a" large" Indian" city" provided" 110" out" of" 497" participants the"
opportunity" to" move" out" of" a" slum" and" into" improved" housing" on" the" citys" periphery."
Fourteen"years"after"housing"assignment,"relative" to"lottery"losers,"winners"report"better"
housing"conditions"farther"from"the"city"center,"but"no"change"in"family"income"or"human"
capital."Winners"also"state"increased"isolation" from" family"and"caste"networks"and"lower"
access" to" informal" insurance." In" particular," they" are" significantly" less" likely" to" know"
someone"they"can"rely"on"for"borrowing"needs"and"report"fewer"informal"transfers"in"the"
event" of" shocks." We" also" observe significant" program" exit:" 34%" of" winners" never" even"
moved" into" the" assigned" housing" and" 32%" eventually" exited" the" colony" to" be" closer" to"
family" and" the" city" center." Our" results" suggest" that" the" benefits" of" improved" suburban"
housing"were"offset"by"its"drawbacks"in"the"form"of"destruction"of"social"capital,"pointing"to"
the"importance"of"considering"social"networks"when"designing"housing"programs" for" the"
poor.

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Working Papers | 2014

State of Marketing Analytics in India: Prospects and Potential Challenges

Arindam Banerjee

The paper provides an overview of the state of the Marketing Analytics practice in India today, its contribution and its possible challenges for future growth. A diverse set of practitioners from multiple sectors of industries that use Analytics were interviewed on their opinions were collated, refined and inferences were made on the broad dimensions affecting the practice. The major findings were that while the need for Analytical support is growing in India, practitioners face challenges in accessing appropriate data sources to perform suitable analysis to support business decisions.

The other extreme of this challenge is noticed in the offshore space where appropriate data is in abundant supply, but analysis and policy making are still at loggerheads because of a separation in employees due to geography and expertise. This has led to a lack of synergy (or low levels) between the two functions, leading to some concern about achieving true expectation son service level.

Overall, it is noticed that investment in Analytics will grow, with increasing competition in Indian markets, movement of Analytics talent globally leading to more awareness about its benefits and the deployment of advanced technology in India by the Multinational companies.

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